The Pineal Gland and Cancer : Neuroimmunoendocrine Mechanisms in Malignancy

個数:

The Pineal Gland and Cancer : Neuroimmunoendocrine Mechanisms in Malignancy

  • 在庫がございません。海外の書籍取次会社を通じて出版社等からお取り寄せいたします。
    通常6~9週間ほどで発送の見込みですが、商品によってはさらに時間がかかることもございます。
    重要ご説明事項
    1. 納期遅延や、ご入手不能となる場合がございます。
    2. 複数冊ご注文の場合、分割発送となる場合がございます。
    3. 美品のご指定は承りかねます。
  • 【入荷遅延について】
    世界情勢の影響により、海外からお取り寄せとなる洋書・洋古書の入荷が、表示している標準的な納期よりも遅延する場合がございます。
    おそれいりますが、あらかじめご了承くださいますようお願い申し上げます。
  • ◆画像の表紙や帯等は実物とは異なる場合があります。
  • ◆ウェブストアでの洋書販売価格は、弊社店舗等での販売価格とは異なります。
    また、洋書販売価格は、ご注文確定時点での日本円価格となります。
    ご注文確定後に、同じ洋書の販売価格が変動しても、それは反映されません。
  • 製本 Hardcover:ハードカバー版/ページ数 606 p.
  • 言語 ENG
  • 商品コード 9783540640516
  • DDC分類 612.492

Full Description

The link between the pineal gland and cancer is a rapidly emerging research field due to promising experimental and clinical trials with melatonin. The pineal gland acts as a transducer of environmental light to regulate rhythmic processes, including reproductive function in seasonally breeding animals and the entrainment of circadian rhythms, such as the sleep-wake cycle, in man. This book elucidates the physiological significance of the pineal gland and surveys phenomena and mechanisms of pineal - tumor interaction at the neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, neural, and molecular levels. Yet unidentified low-molecular-weight pineal substances with tumor-inhibiting capacity, a possible involvement of melatonin in electromagnetic field effects on cancer, and the oncotherapeutic potential of melatonin are also addressed. The encouraging results should incite further research to elucidate the exact nature of the link between the pineal gland and cancer for the benefit of patients.

Contents

Section I: Significance of the Pineal Gland and Its Hormone Melatonin.- 1 Some Historical Remarks Concerning Research on the Pineal Gland and Cancer.- References.- 2 Biology of the Pineal Gland and Melatonin in Humans.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Pineal Gland in Animal Species.- 2.2.1 Structural Aspects, Innervation, and Pinealocyte Receptors.- 2.2.2 Melatonin (MEL) Synthesis and the Regulation of Its Day/Night Rhythm.- 2.2.3 The Influence of Light and Darkness on MEL Formation.- 2.2.4 The Function of MEL in Non-Human Mammals.- 2.2.5 Influence of Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields on the Pineal Gland.- 2.3 The Human Pineal Gland and MEL.- 2.3.1 General Aspects.- 2.3.2 Release and Fate of MEL.- 2.3.3 Interindividual Variation of MEL Secretion.- 2.3.4 Day/Night Rhythm of MEL Formation in Humans.- 2.3.5 Influence of Light and Dark on MEL Secretion.- 2.3.6 Seasonal Differences in MEL Secretion.- 2.3.7 MEL Secretion in Old Age and Pineal Calcification.- 2.3.8 Various Factors Influencing MEL Secretion.- 2.3.9 MEL and Seasonal Affective Disorder.- 2.3.10 Electromagnetic and Magnetic Fields.- 2.3.11 Function of MEL in Humans.- 2.4 Conclusions.- References.- 3 The Role of Melatonin in the Neuroendocrine System: Multiplicity of Sites and Mechanisms of Action.- 3.1 Melatonin Is a Universal Time-Related Signal.- 3.2 Sites of Melatonin Action Are Multiple.- 3.3 Melatonin Promotes GABAergic Responses in SCN and the Brain.- 3.4 Melatonin Acts on Cells Through cAMP- and Non-cAMP-Signal Transduction Pathways.- 3.5 Melatonin Interacts with Cytoskeletal Proteins.- 3.6 Melatonin Exerts Antioxidant Effects.- 3.7 Melatonin Restores Amplitude of Circadian Rhythm in Chronic Inflammation or Aging.- 3.8 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 The Pineal Gland and Chronobiologic History: Mind and Spirit as Feedsidewards in Time Structures for Prehabilitation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Render Measurable What as Yet Is Not: Emotion, Mind, and Spirit.- 4.3 Let Us Learn That We Do Not Know Even What We Should Know.- 4.4 Tarquini and Pineal Gland History.- 4.5 Anatomical-Clinical Associations.- 4.6 The Homeostatic Melatonin Era.- 4.7 Sampling and Assessing Chronomes.- 4.8 Subtle Human Melatonin Rhythms.- 4.9 Pineal Gland and Adrenal Cortex, Feedsidewards.- 4.10 Circaseptans.- 4.11 The Need for Dense Sampling Before the Ruling Out of Rhythms and Presence of Melatonin.- 4.12 A Controversy Resolved.- 4.13 Summary.- References.- 5 Melatonin Involvement in Cancer: Methodological Considerations.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Chronoradiotherapy.- 5.3 Historical Perspective.- 5.4 Chronochemotherapy.- 5.5 Need for Marker Rhythmometry.- 5.6 Chronorisk.- 5.7 Rhythm Scrambling.- 5.8 Lessons from Studies on Pituitary Grafts With and Without a Hypothalamus.- 5.9 Methodological Considerations.- 5.9.1 Specificity.- 5.9.2 Risk Versus Disease.- 5.9.3 Melatonin as an Oncostatic Drug: Importance of Timing.- 5.9.4 Coordination Via Feedsidewards: Importance of Circaseptans.- 5.9.5 Environmental Effects from Near and Far.- 5.10 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Section II: Effect of Tumor Growth on the Production and Secretion of Pineal Melatonin.- 6 Analysis of Melatonin in Patients with Cancer of the Reproductive System.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Methodological Considerations and Problems Encountered in Estimating the Function of the Pineal Gland in Cancer Patients.- 6.2.1 Analytical Methods.- 6.2.2 Parameters Interfering with the Estimation of Pineal Function in Patients.- 6.3 Studies on Patients with Breast Cancer.- 6.4 Studies on Patients with Gynecological Cancers.- 6.4.1 Endometrial Cancer.- 6.4.2 Ovarian Cancer.- 6.5 Studies on Patients with Prostate Cancer.- References.- 7 Melatonin in Patients with Cancer of Extra-Reproductive Location.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Patients and Methods.- 7.3 Results.- 7.3.1 Nocturnal Urinary aMT6s Excretion in Cancer Patients.- 7.3.2 Correlations of Nocturnal Urinary aMT6s Excretion with Immunocytochemical Parameters Measured in Gastrointestinal and Lung Cancer.- 7.3.3 Correlations Among Intratumoral Parameters in Gastrointestinal Cancers.- 7.4 Discussion.- 7.4.1 Melatonin Secretion in Human Cancer Patients.- 7.4.2 Correlation Between MT Production and Proliferative Activity in Tumor Cells.- 7.4.3 Correlation Among Tumoral Parameters.- 7.5 Conclusion.- References.- 8 The Modulation of Melatonin in Tumor-Bearing Animals: Underlying Mechanisms and Possible Significance for Prognosis.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Studies with Chemically-Induced Mammary Cancers.- 8.2.1 Acute Effects of DMBA-Administration on Circulating Melatonin: Evidence for an Induction of the Hepatic Degradation of the Hormone.- 8.2.2 The Effects of DMBA-Induced Mammary Tumor Growth on Circulating Melatonin and the Pineal Melatonin Biosynthetic Pathway.- 8.3 Studies with Serial Transplants Derived from DMBA-Induced Mammary Cancers.- 8.3.1 Early Passage: Localized Carcinosarcoma.- 8.3.2 Late Passages: Metastasizing Sarcoma.- 8.4 Studies with Chemically Induced Colon Cancers.- 8.5 Conclusions and Considerations.- References.- 9 The Pineal Gland, Melatonin, and Neoplastic Growth: Morphological Approach.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Morphological Studies of Tumors Following Melatonin Treatment and Pinealectomy.- 9.3 Pineal Morphology in Tumor-Bearing Animals.- 9.4 Pineal Morphology in Human Malignancy.- References.- Section III: Effects of Melatonin and of Unidentified Pineal Products on Tumor Growth.- 10 In Vitro Effects of Melatonin on Tumor Cells.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Effects of Melatonin on Breast Cancer Cells.- 10.2.1 Effects of Melatonin on Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro.- 10.2.2 Effects of Melatonin on the Metastatic Behavior of Breast Cancer Cells.- 10.2.3 Influence of Melatonin on Active Cell Death of Mammary Cancer Cells.- 10.2.4 Mechanisms of the Oncostatic Action of Melatonin In Vitro.- 10.3 Effect of Melatonin on Melanoma Cells.- 10.4 Effect of Melatonin on Cancer Cells from Female Reproductive Organs.- 10.5 Effect of Melatonin on Other Neoplasms.- 10.6 Conclusions.- References.- 11 Melatonin and Colon Carcinogenesis.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Effect of Melatonin on Colon Carcinoma Development.- 11.2.1 Inhibitory Effect of Melatonin on 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats.- 11.2.2 Effect of Melatonin on Colon Tumor Growth In Vitro and In Vivo.- 11.3 Early Stages of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis As Targets for the Effect of Melatonin.- 11.3.1 Effect of Melatonin on the Genotoxic Action of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine.- 11.3.2 Effect of a Single 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Administration on Free Radical Processes in Rats.- 11.3.3 Effect of Melatonin on Free Radical Processes in Rats.- 11.3.4 Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Rats Exposed to a Single Dose of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine.- 11.3.5 Effect of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine on the Neuroendocrine System of Rats.- 11.4 Effect of Melatonin on Late Stages of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis.- 11.4.1 Free Radical Processes in Rats with Colon Tumors Induced by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: Effect of Melatonin.- 11.4.2 Effect of Melatonin on Proliferative Activity and Apoptosis in Colon Mucosa and Colon Tumors Induced by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine in Rats.- 11.4.3 Pineal Function in Rats with Colon Tumors Induced by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine.- 11.4.4 Melatonin-Containing Cells in the Intestinal Mucosa of Rats with 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Tumors: Effect of Exogenous Melatonin.- 11.4.5 Disturbances in Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism During Carcinogenesis Induced by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine in Rats.- 11.4.6 Effect of Melatonin on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Rats with Colon Tumors Induced by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine.- 11.4.7 Possible Effect of Melatonin on the Immune System in Rats Exposed to 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine.- 11.5 Conclusion.- References.- 12 Role of Extrapineal Melatonin and Related APUD Series Peptides in Malignancy.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Extrapineal Melatonin: Cellular Localization, Role, and Significance Within the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System.- 12.3 Extrapineal MT and APUD Series Peptides: Possible Participation in Endogenous Mechanisms of Tumor Growth.- 12.4 Extrapineal Melatonin and Tumor Radiosensitivity: New Approaches for Modification of Antitumor Therapy.- 12.5 General Conclusion and Future Perspectives.- References.- 13 A Survey of the Evidence That Melatonin and Unidentified Pineal Substances Affect Neoplastic Growth.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 The Role of the Pineal Hormone Melatonin.- 13.2.1 The Effects of Melatonin in Relation to Malignant Growth.- 13.2.2 The Effects of Melatonin in Relation to the Immune System and Stress.- 13.3 Effects of Yet Unknown Pineal Substances on Malignant Cells in Culture.- 13.3.1 Extracts of Ovine Pineal Glands.- 13.3.2 Extracts of Rat Pineals.- 13.3.3 Studies on an Unidentified Bovine Pineal Substance Which Inhibits MCF-7 Cell Growth in Vitro.- 13.4 Possible Presence of Kynurenines and Kynurenamines in Pineal Extracts.- 13.5 The Possible Significance of a Bovine Pineal Gland-Derived Decapeptide for the Growth of Malignant Cells in Vivo.- 13.6 Summary.- References.- 14 Experimental Studies of the Pineal Gland Preparation Epithalamin.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Epithalamin - a Low Molecular Weight Peptide Preparation.- 14.3 Effect of Epithalamin on the Life Span of Mice, Rats, and Drosophila melanogaster.- 14.4 The Influence of Epithalamin on the Function of the Nervous, Endocrine, and Immune Systems of Young and Old Rats.- 14.5 The Effect of Epithalamin on Spontaneous Tumor Development in Rats and Mice.- References.- Section IV: Mechanisms of Action of Melatonin on Tumor Cells.- A. Actions Via the Endocrine System.- 15 An Overview of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Experimental Tumor Growth by Melatonin and Its Analogues and the Therapeutic Use of Melatonin in Oncology.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Effects of Melatonin and Its Analogues on Experimental Cancer Growth.- 15.2.1 Melatonin and Breast Cancer.- 15.2.2 Melatonin and Melanoma.- 15.2.3 Melatonin and Sarcoma.- 15.2.4 Melatonin and Other Tumors.- 15.3 Melatonin Binding in Neoplastic Tissues.- 15.3.1 Mouse Melanoma.- 15.3.2 Hamster Melanoma.- 15.3.3 Human Melanoma.- 15.3.4 Murine Mammary Cancer.- 15.3.5 Human Breast Cancer.- 15.3.6 Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.- 15.3.7 Other Immortalized Cell Lines.- 15.4 Potential Melatonin Signal Transduction Mechanisms in Neoplastic Cells.- 15.4.1 Cyclic AMP and G Proteins.- 15.4.2 Phosphoinositide Metabolism.- 15.4.3 Nonmelatonin Receptor Expression.- 15.4.4 Transcriptional Regulation.- 15.4.5 Genomic Interactions.- 15.4.6 Calcium/Calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) and the Cytoskeleton.- 15.4.7 Redox Mechanisms: Glutathione and Nitric Oxide.- 15.4.8 Tumor Linoleic Acid Uptake and Metabolism.- 15.5 Melatonin in the Chemoendocrine Therapy of Human Malignancies.- 15.6 Conclusions.- References.- 16 Modulation of the Estrogen Response Pathway in Human Breast Cancer Cells by Melatonin.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Melatonin and Breast Cancer.- 16.3 Melatonin Receptors.- 16.3.1 Membrane-Associated, G Protein-Linked Melatonin Receptors.- 16.3.2 Nuclear Melatonin Receptors.- 16.4 Melatonin and the Estrogen Response Pathway.- 16.4.1 Melatonin Modulation of ER Expression.- 16.4.2 Melatonin Modulation of Estrogen-Regulated Genes.- 16.4.3 Melatonin Modulation of ER Transactivation.- 16.5 Conclusions.- References.- 17 Benign and Tumor Prostate Cells as Melatonin Target Sites.- 17.1 Effects of Melatonin on the Prostate Gland In Vivo.- 17.2 Melatonin Action in Prostate Epithelial Cells In Vitro.- 17.2.1 Benign Prostate Hypertrophy Cells.- 17.2.2 Prostate Cancer Cells.- 17.3 Melatonin Action in Prostate Epithelial Cells: Towards a Unifying Hypothesis.- References.- B. Actions Via the Immune System.- 18 Neuroimmunomodulation Via the Autonomic Nervous System.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Adrenergic In Vivo Effects on Immune Functions.- 18.3 Cholinergic Immunomodulation.- 18.4 Conclusions.- References.- 19 Melatonin and Immune Functions.- 19.1 Evidence of an Immunoregulatory Role of Melatonin (MEL).- 19.2 Protective Effects of MEL on ?2-Adrenergic Immunosuppression in Rats.- 19.3 CD4+ Lymphocytes and Monocytes/Macrophages as Targets of MEL Activity.- 19.4 Possible Mechanisms of Action of MEL on Immune Cells.- 19.4.1 MEL Membrane Receptors on Immune Cells.- 19.4.2 MEL as a Ligand for the Nuclear Receptors RZR-? and RZR-?.- 19.4.3 MEL as a Calmodulin Antagonist.- 19.4.4 MEL as Antioxidant.- 19.5 Conclusion.- References.- 20 Melatonin and the Immune System: Therapeutic Potential in Cancer, Viral Diseases, and Immunodeficiency States.- 20.1 Neuroimmune Interactions with the Environment.- 20.2 Melatonin and the Immune-Hematopoietic System.- 20.2.1 Functional Effects.- 20.2.2 Cytokines Which Mediate the Effect of Melatonin.- 20.2.3 Melatonin Receptors.- 20.2.4 Clinical Trials.- 20.2.5 Mechanism of Action.- 20.3 Conclusion.- References.- 21 Melatonin Rhythms in Mice: Role in Autoimmune and Lymphoproliferative Diseases.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Melatonin Endogenous Rhythm in Mice.- 21.3 The Role of Pineal Gland and Melatonin in Autoimmune and Lymphoproliferative Diseases.- 21.3.1 Autoimmune Diabetes.- 21.3.2 Collagen-Induced Arthritis.- 21.3.3 Induced T Cell Leukemia.- 21.4 Conclusions.- References.- 22 Mechanisms Involved in the Immunomodulatory Effects of Melatonin on the Human Immune System.- 22.1 Introduction.- 22.2 Effects of Melatonin on the Immune System.- 22.3 Mechanisms of Action of Melatonin: The Membrane Receptor.- 22.4 Nuclear Receptors for Melatonin in the Immune System.- 22.5 The Physiological Role of Membrane Receptors Versus Nuclear Receptors.- References.- C Actions Via Neural Pathways.- 23 The Role of the Pineal Gland in Neural Control of Cell Proliferation in Healthy and Malignant Tissue.- 23.1 Introduction.- 23.2 The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Control of Normal and Neoplastic Crypt Cell Proliferation in the Gut.- 23.3 Efferent Neural Connections Between the Pineal Gland and the Autonomic Nervous System.- 23.4 The Enteric Nervous System and Its Possible Role in Neural Control of Crypt Cell Proliferation in the Normal Gut. Is It Suitably Located?.- 23.5 Neural Control of Normal Cell Proliferation in Organs Other Than the Gastrointestinal System.- 23.6 The Precise Role of the Pineal Gland in the Normal Mechanism of Control of Proliferation in the Gastrointestinal Tract.- 23.7 The Role of the Pineal Gland in Induction or Promotion of Malignancy: How Important is It?.- 23.8 Further Consideration of the Role of Melatonin in the Control of Normal Crypt Cell Proliferation in the Gut.- 23.9 The Possible Role of the Pineal as a Modulator of Neuroendocrine Activity in Controlling Tumor Growth (Rather Than a Direct Effect Via the Autonomic Nervous System or Changes in the Level of Melatonin Secretion).- 23.10 The Relationship Between Pinealectomy and Melatonin Levels in the Body.- 23.11 Are Any Other Possible Antitumor Factors Produced by the Pineal Gland Besides Melatonin, and Could These Be Involved in the Physiological Control of Malignancy?.- 23.12 Relationship of Pinealectomy and Its Effects on the Intestinal Crypts with Similar Effects on the Crypts Associated with Limbic Lesions.- 23.13 Is it Possible That the Pineal Gland Acts Directly on the Crypts Via the Limbic System and the AutonomicNervous System?.- 23.14 Does the Pineal Gland Act on the Crypts Via the Limbic System Indirectly by Affecting the General Level of Excitability of the Brain, i. e. Not a Specific Effect on the Limbic System?.- 23.15 Conclusions.- References.- D. Molecular Mechanisms of Action.- 24 Reactive Oxygen Species, DNA Damage, and Carcinogenesis: Intervention with Melatonin.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Endogenous Oxidative Damage to DNA.- 24.3 Reactive Oxygen Species and DNA Damage.- 24.4 Lipid Peroxidation and DNA Damage.- 24.5 Melatonin as a Free Radical Scavenger.- 24.6 Melatonin as an Antioxidant.- 24.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 25 Could the Antiproliferative Effect of Melatonin Be Exerted Via the Interaction of Melatonin with Calmodulin and Protein Kinase C?.- 25.1 Introduction.- 25.2 Calmodulin Involvement in Cell Proliferation: Effects of Melatonin.- 25.3 Protein Kinase C Involvement in Cell Proliferation: Effects of Melatonin.- 25.4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Section V: Oncotherapeutic Potential of Melatonin.- 26 Efficacy of Melatonin in the Immunotherapy of Cancer Using Interleukin-2.- 26.1 Introduction.- 26.2 Materials and Methods.- 26.3 Results.- 26.4 Discussion.- References.- 27 Melatonin Cancer Therapy.- 27.1 Introduction.- 27.2 Undisputed Biological Effects of Melatonin in Human Beings.- 27.3 Melatonin Affects Sleep and Body Temperature.- 27.4 Light, Melatonin and the Manipulation of Circadian Orientation.- 27.5 The Pineal, Melatonin, and Cancer.- 27.6 Circadian Cytokinetic Rhythms.- 27.7 Melatonin in Human Cancer Therapy.- 27.8 Does Melatonin Benefit Human Beings with Cancer?.- 27.9 Lissoni's Broad Phase II Trials.- 27.10 Lissoni's Disease-Specific Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials of Melatonin.- 27.11 Lissoni's Randomized Controlled Trials of Melatonin Plus Interleukin-2 vs Interleukin-2 Alone.- 27.12 Melatonin Trials of Other Investigators.- 27.13 Minimal Clinical Trial Design for the Productive Study of Melatonin.- 27.14 A Useful Melatonin Study Design.- 27.15 Objective, Physiologic Measurement of Fatigue Needed.- 27.16 Chronobiology and Drug Development.- References.- Section VI: Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer: The Possible Role of Melatonin.- 28 Circadian Disruption and Breast Cancer.- 28.1 Background.- 28.2 Light and Melatonin.- 28.3 Electric and Magnetic Fields and Melatonin.- 28.4 Breast Cancer in Blind Women.- 28.5 Conclusion.- References.- 29 Breast Cancer and Use of Electric Power: Experimental Studies on the Melatonin Hypothesis.- 29.1 Introduction.- 29.2 The Melatonin Hypothesis.- 29.3 Effect of ELF MFs on Melatonin Levels.- 29.4 Effect of ELF MFs on Breast Tissue Proliferation.- 29.5 Effect of ELF MFs on Mammary Carcinogenesis.- 29.6 Effect of ELF MFs on Immune Responses to Tumor Formation.- 29.7 Magnetic Field Exposure and Breast Cancer: Conclusions.- References.- 30 Magnetic Field Exposure and Pineal Melatonin Production (Mini-Review).- 30.1 Introduction.- 30.2 Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin Secretion.- 30.3 The Response of the Pineal Gland to Electromagnetic Fields: Role of Duration and Intensity of Exposure.- 30.4 Effect of Magnetic Field Exposure on Humans.- 30.5 Comments.- References.- 31 Nocturnal Hormone Profiles in Healthy Humans Under the Influence of Pulsed High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.- 31.1 Introduction.- 31.2 Materials and Methods.- 31.2.1 Subjects.- 31.2.2 Experimental Procedure.- 31.2.3 Protocol.- 31.2.4 Nocturnal Hormone Profiles.- 31.2.5 Data Analysis.- 31.3 Results.- 31.4 Discussion.- References.- 32 Weak High-Frequency (Radiofrequency, Microwave) Electromagnetic Fields: Epidemiological Evidence of Their Impact on Cancer Development and Reproductive Outcome.- 32.1 Introduction.- 32.2 Studies.- 32.2.1 Cancer Studies.- 32.2.2 Studies on Reproduction.- 32.3 Conclusions.- 32.3.1 Cancer Studies.- 32.3.2 Studies on Reproduction.- References.