PREFACE                                            xv
Introduction                                       1
PART I. Cork Oak Trees and Woodlands               7
  1. The Tree                                      11
    Juli G. Pausas, Jo縊 S. Pereira, and James
    Aronson
      Biogeography                                 12
      Flowers and Fruits: The Ecological Role      15
      of Acorns
      Cork Harvest: Nature's Gift and Weakened     16
      Trees?
      Surviving Fire: The Ecological Role of       17
      Cork
      Framework Tree of Natural Ecosystems and     20
      Cultural Derivatives
      Site Profile 1.1: Akfadou, Algeria           22
        Mahand Messaoud鈩e and Hachemi Merouani
  2. Origin and Genetic Variability                25
    Roselyne Lumaret, Unai L�pez de Heredia,
    and Alvaro Soto
      Variation and Introgression                  25
      Origins and Migration Routes                 28
      Unresolved Questions                         30
      Implications for Conservation of Cork Oak    31
      Genetic Resources
  3. Open Woodlands: A Diversity of Uses (and      33
  Overuses)
    Miguel Bugalho, Tobias Plieninger, James
    Aronson, Mohammed Ellatifi, and David Gomes
    Crespo
      A System with Different Names                34
      One System, Multiple Land Uses               36
      Recent Trends of Transformation and          40
      Degradation
      Conclusions                                  44
      Site Profile 3.1: Aguelmous, Morocco         46
        Mohammed Ellatifi
  4. Historical Perspective of Montados: The       49
  Example of Evora
    Teresa Pinto-Correia and Ana Margarida
    Fonseca
      Land Use before the Fifteenth Century        49
      Land Use between the Fifteenth and the       52
      Eighteenth Centuries
      Land Use in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth    53
      Centuries: Emergence of the Montado
      Conclusions                                  55
      Site Profile 4.1: Machuqueira do Grou,       57
      Portugal
        Nuno de Almeida Ribeiro
  5. Cork Bottle Stoppers and Other Cork           59
  Products
    Am駻ico M.S. Carvalho Mendes and Jos� A.R.
    Gra軋
      Cork as an Industrial Material               59
      Economic History of the Cork Sector          63
      Conclusions                                  68
PART II. Scientific Bases for Restoration and      71
Management
  6. Coping with Drought                           73
    Jo縊 S. Pereira, Cathy Kurz-Besson, and M.
    Manuela Chaves
      The limits of Survival                       74
      Water Deficits and Growth                    78
      Water Deficits and Cork Stripping            79
      Conclusions                                  80
  7. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Its Role in         81
  Seedling Response to Drought
    Daniel Mousain, Hassan Boukcim, and Franck
    Richard
      Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Diversity in           81
      Mediterranean Oaks
      The Role of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in         83
      Drought Tolerance of Trees
      Cork Oak Response to Drought and ECMs        84
      Conclusions                                  87
  8. Soil Properties Constraining Cork Oak         89
  Distribution
    Isabel Serrasolses, Marian P駻ez-Devesa,
    Alberto Vilagrosa, Juli G. Pausas, Teresa
    Sauras, Jordi Cortina, and V. Ramon Vallejo
      Soil Characteristics                         90
      Cork Oak on Soils Developed over             94
      Carbonate Rocks: The Case of Pinet
      Cork Oak Establishment in Contrasted         95
      Soils: A Lysimeter Experiment
      Conclusions                                  97
      Site Profile 8.1: Espada, Calderona, and     100
      Pinet, Spain
        Juli G. Pausas and V. Ramon Vallejo
  9. Coping with Pests and Diseases                103
    Manuela Branco and Ana Paula Ramos
      Biotic Factors Affecting Acorns,             104
      Seedlings, and Young Plantings
      Biotic Factors Affecting Mature Trees        105
      Decline and Loss of Productivity in Adult    109
      Stands: Forestry Practices and Protection
      Conclusions                                  110
      Site Profile 9.1: Maremma, Italy             112
        Federico Selvi
  10. Natural Regeneration                         115
    Juli G. Pausas, Teodoro Mara��n, Maria
    Caldeira, and Josep Pons
      From Seed to Seedling                        115
      Seedling Performance                         118
      Recruitment Patterns: Three Case Studies     120
      Conclusions                                  123
      Site Profile 10.1: Hayouna, Morocco          125
        Mohamed Abourouh
PART III. Restoration in Practice                  127
  11. Germplasm Selection and Nursery Techniques   129
    Maria Helena Almeida, Hachemi Merouani,
    Filipe Costa e Silva, Jordi Cortina, Roman
    Trubat, Esteban Chirino, Alberto Vilagrosa,
    Abdelhamid Khaldi, Boutheina Stiti, Sidi
    Lotfi El Alami, and V. Ramon Vallejo
      Germplasm Selection                          129
      Availability and Quality of Initial Acorn    130
      Stock
      Acorn Manipulation, Storage, and Quality     130
      Assessment
      Plant Production and Nursery Practices       131
      Conclusions                                  137
      Site Profile 11.1: Aspres and Alb鑽es,       138
      France
        Renaud Piazzetta
  12. Field Techniques to Improve Cork Oak         141
  Establishment
    Jordi Cortina, Marian P駻ez-Devesa, Alberto
    Vilagrosa, Mohamed Abourouh, Mahand
    Messaoud鈩e, Nora Berrahmouni, Luis Neves
    Silva, Maria Helena Almeida, and Abdelhamid
    Khaldi
      Direct Seeding                               142
      Seedling Planting                            142
      Livestock Management                         148
      Conclusions                                  148
PART IV. Economic Analysis                         151
  13. Mixed Cork Oak亡tone Pine Woodlands in       153
  the Alentejo Region of Portugal
    Inoc麩cio S. Coelho and Pablo Campos
      Mixed Cork Oak and Stone Pine Woodland       153
      Areas
      Private Economic Benefits and Cost           155
      Valuation Methods
      Sustainability and Stewardship of Total      159
      Economic Value
      Site Profile 13.1: Monchique and             162
      Caldeir縊, Portugal
        Jos� M.D. Rosendo
  14. Cork Oak Woodland Conservation and           165
  Household Subsistence Economy Challenges in
  Northern 1hnisia
    Pablo Campos, Paola Ovando, Ali Chebil, and
    Named Dale-Hassen
      Case Study: Iteimia                          166
      Conclusions                                  173
      Site Profile 14.1: Maamora, Morocco          175
        Mohamed Abourouh
  15. Cost烹enefit Analysis of Cork Oak            177
  Woodland Afforestation and Facilitated
  Natural Regeneration in Spain
    Paola Ovando, Pablo Campos, Jos� L. Oviedo,
    and Cregorio Montero
      Cork Oak Woodland, Shrubland, Pasture,       178
      and Cropland Management Scenarios
      Present Discounted Values of Capital         180
      Income from Cork Oak Investment and
      Noninvestment Scenarios
      Conclusions                                  187
  16. Manufacture and Trade of Cork Products:      189
  An International Perspective
    Santiago Zapata, Francisco M. Parejo,
    Am駘ia Branco, Michele Gutierrez, J.
    Ignacio Jim駭ez Blanco, Renaud Piazzetta,
    and Andreas Voth
      The Iberization of the Cork Business:        190
      1920's to 1970's
      Manufacture and Trade of Cork Products in    192
      the Last Thirty Years: The International
      Scene
      Conclusions                                  199
PART V. Challenges for the Future                  201
  17. Ecoregional Planning for Biodiversity        203
  Conservation
    Nora Berrahmouni, Pedro Regato, Mohammed
    Ellatifi, Hamed Daly-Hassen, Miguel
    Bugalho, Sahraoui Bensaid, Mario Diaz, and
    James Aronson
      Biodiversity Value and Ecosystem Services    203
      Challenges for Conservation                  204
      Reconnecting Environmental, Social, and      213
      Economic Interests through Landscape
      Conservation Planning
      Conclusions                                  216
      Site Profile 17.1: Los Alcornocales          217
      Natural Park, Spain
        Teodoro Mara��n
  18. Facing Climate Change                        219
    Jo縊 S. Pereira, Alexandre Vaz Correia, and
    Richard Joffre
      Rise in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration        220
      Rising Temperatures                          221
      Effects on Communities and Ecosystems        223
      Effects at the Landscape and Regional        224
      Scales
      Conclusions                                  225
  19. Simulating Function and Vulnerability of     227
  Cork Oak Woodland Ecosystems
    John Tenhunen, Ralf Geyer, Jo縊 M.B.
    Carreiras, Nuno de Almeida Ribeiro, Nguyen
    Q. Dinh, Dennis O. Otieno, and Jo縊 S.
    Pereira
      Function and Productivity as Related to      228
      Vulnerability Assessments
      The Pixel-Oriented Growth Model for          229
      Mediterranean Woodlands
      Conclusions                                  233
  20. The Way Forward                              235
    V. Ramon Vallejo, James Aronson, Juli G.
    Pausas, Jo縊 S. Pereira, and Christelle
    Fontaine
      Cork Oak Decline                             236
      Cork Oak Woodland Products                   238
      Management Options                           240
      Conservation and Restoration                 241
      Coping with Uncertainty                      242
GLOSSARY                                           247
REFERENCES                                         257
EDITORS                                            285
CONTRIBUTORS                                       287
SPECIES INDEX                                      301
INDEX                                              307