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Full Description
Completely revised and updated, Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, Second Edition continues to provide simple techniques for calculating how chemicals behave in the environment, where they accumulate, how long they persist, and how this leads to human exposure. The book develops, describes, and illustrates the framework and procedures for calculating the behavior of chemicals in our multimedia environment of air, water, soil, and sediments, as well as the diversity of biota that reside in these media. While other books focus on specific compartments, such as the atmosphere, or specific substances, such as PCBs, this book presents the big picture of how organic chemicals behave in the total environment. It does this by providing examples of calculation methods based on the fugacity approach and explaining how to access up-to-date property databases and estimation methods as well as computer programs, which are available from the Internet. In addition, the models are Web based, instead of on a floppy disk as in the previous edition. Building on the work developed in the First Edition, the Second Edition includes: * A how-to modeling section, more worked examples and problems- most with solutions and answers * Expanded treatment of structure-activity relationships and modern estimation methods * More material illustrating applications to bioaccumulation is specific organisms and food webs * Emphasis on current efforts to identify PBT chemicals and exposure analysis as a component of risk assessment * Examples that provide each step of modeling calculations * Web-based models, and references to property databases, estimation methods, and computer programs from the Internet When you need to make assessments of chemical behavior you need current, comprehensive. Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach provides you with not only an understanding of how the multitude of organic chemicals behave in the total environment, but also with practical examples of how this behavior can be predicted using the fugacity approach.
Contents
INTRODUCTION Introduction Some Basic Concepts Units The Environment as Compartments Mass Balances Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinate Systems Steady-State and Equilibrium Diffusive and Non-Diffusive Environmental Transport Processes Residence Times and Persistence Real and Evaluative Environments Summary Environmental Chemicals and Their Properties Introduction and Data Sources Identifying Priority Chemicals Key Chemical Properties and Classes The Nature of Environmental Media Introduction The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere or Water Bottom Sediments Soils Summary Phase Equilibrium Introduction Properties of Pure Substances Properties of Solutes in Solution Partition Coefficients Environmental Partition Coefficients and Z Values Multimedia Partitioning Calculations Level I Calculations Advection and Reactions Introduction Advection Degrading Reactions Combined Advection and Reaction Unsteady-State Calculations The Nature of Environmental Reactions Level II Computer Calculations Summary Intermedia Transport Introduction Diffusive and Nondiffusive Processes Molecular Diffusion Within a Phase Turbulent or Eddy Diffusion Within a Phase Unsteady-State Diffusion Diffusion in Porous Media Diffusion Between Phases: The Two-Resistance Concept Measuring Transport D Values Combining Series and Parallel D Values Level III Calculations Unsteady-State Conditions (Level IV) Applications of Fugacity Models Introduction, Scope and Strategies Level I, II and III Models An Air-Water Exchange Model A Surface Soil Model A Sediment-Water Exchange Model Qwasi Model of Chemical Fate in a Lake Qwasi Model of Chemical Fate in Rivers Qwasi Multi-Segment Models A Fish Bioaccumulation Model Sewage Treatment Plants Indoor Air Models Uptake by Plants Pharmacokinetic Models Human Exposure to Chemicals The PBT-LRT Attributes Global Models Closure
