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Full Description
Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Environmental Materials and their Industrial Utilization provides a description of the properties of materials formed on the earth's surface, their synthetic analogs where applicable, and the products of their modifications in the course of natural processes, such as weathering, or in industrial processing as reflected in their Mössbauer spectra. Particular emphasis is placed on the way in which these processes can be observed and elucidated through the use of Mössbauer spectroscopy.
The first chapter covers the basic theory of the Mössbauer effect and Chapters 2 and 3 deal with the nuts and bolts of experimental Mössbauer spectroscopy. The principles of these first three chapters, illustrated with many case studies, are applied to different areas of interest in Chapters 4 through 12.
The book is directed to a broad audience ranging from graduate students in environmental sciences or chemical engineering with little or no expertise in Mössbauer spectroscopy to researchers from other disciplines who are familiar with this technique but wish to learn more about possible applications to environmental materials and issues.
Contents
1. Theory and Characteristics of the Mössbauer Effect.- Theory of the Mössbauer Effect.- Magnetism.- Hyperfine Interactions.- Relaxation Effects.- Line Intensities.- Diffusional Broadening.- Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Mineralogy and Minerals Processing.- Summary.- 2. Mössbauer Instrumentation.- General Considerations.- Source and Reference Absorber.- Conventional Spectrometers.- Other Spectrometers.- Sample Environment.- Sample preparation.- Summary.- 3. Data Analysis and Interpretation.- Fitting using Simple Lorentzians.- Tests of Goodness of Fit.- Convolution and Deconvolution.- Thickness Effects and Recoilless Fraction.- Fitting of Thickness Broadened Lines.- Fitting of Lines Broadened by a Hyperfine Parameter Distribution.- Magnetic Relaxation and Superparamagnetism.- The Non-Uniqueness problem.- Problems in Fitting and Interpretation.- Presentation of Results.- Summary.- 4. Bulk and Clay-Sized Phyllosilicates.- 1:1 Minerals: Kaolinite.- 2:1 Minerals: Illite.- Montmorillonite.- Nontronite.- Summary.- 5. Iron Oxides and Oxyhydroxides.- Anhydrous Oxides: Hematite.- Magnetite.- Maghemite.- Oxyhydroxides: Goethite.- Ferrihydrite.- Summary.- 6. Sediments.- Terrestrial Sediments.- Freshwater Sediments.- Marine Sediments.- Airborne Particles.- Summary.- 7. Soils and Clays.- Soils.- Clays.- Summary.- 8. Weathering.- Silicate Weathering.- Sulfide Weathering and Acid Mine Drainage.- Summary.- 9. Metastable Materials.- Green Rusts.- Fine-Particle Magnetite.- Anoxic Sediments.- Fe2+ Sulfates Produced by Acid Mine Drainage.- Summary.- 10. Coal.- Coal Characterization.- Heat and Chemical Treatment.- Hydroliquefaction.- Summary.- 11. Clay Firing.- Individual Minerals: Kaolinite.- Illite.- Montmorillonite.- Nontronite.- Samples of Complex Mineralogy.- Summary.- 12. Mineralprocessing.- Iron Ores.- Titanium Ores.- Other Processing Operations Involving Iron.- Gold.- Summary.- References.
