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基本説明
Describes and analyses the interpretation scientists volunteered given graphs that had been culled from an introductory course and textbook in ecology. Alos reports on graph usage in three different workplaces based on his ethnographic research among scientists and technicians.
Full Description
During the summer of 1990, while taking my holidays to teach a university course of physics for elementary teachers, I also tutored one of the tenth-grade students at my school in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. In return for working with him for free, I had requested permission to audiotape our sessions; I wanted to use the transcripts as data sources for a chapter that I had been in vited to write. It so happened that I discovered and read Jean Lave's Cognition in Practice that very summer, which inspired me to read other books on mathe matics in everyday situations. Two years later, while conducting a study with my teacher colleague G. Michael Bowen on eighth-grade students' learning during an open-inquiry ecology unit, I discovered these students' tremendous data analysis skills that appeared to be a function of the deep familiarity with the objects and events that they had studied and mathematized earlier in the unit. I reported my findings in two articles, 'Mathematization of experience in a grade 8 open-inquiry environment: An introduction to the representational practices of science' and 'Where is the context in contextual word problems?: Mathematical practices and products in Grade 8 students' answers to story problems'. I Begin ning with that study, I developed a research agenda that focused on mathemati cal knowing in science and science-related professions. During the early 1990s, I was also interested in the notion of authentic practice as a metaphor for planning school science curriculum.
Contents
1 Toward an Anthropology of Graphing: An Introduction.- 1.1 Graphing is Pervasive.- 1.2 Nature of Practice.- 1.3 Reading Graphs as Semiotic Practice.- 1.4 Graphs as Sign Objects.- 1.5 Graphing as Rhetorical Practice.- 1.6 Graphs as Conscription Devices.- 1.7 Conclusion and Outlook.- One: Graphing in Captivity.- 2 From 'Expertise' to Situated Reason: The Role of Experience, Familiarity, and Usefulness.- 3 Unfolding Interpretations: Graph Interpretation as Abduction.- 4 Problematic Readings: Case Studies of Scientists Struggling with Graph Interpretation.- 5 Articulating Background: Scientists Explain Graphs of their Own Making.- Two: Graphing in the Wild.- 6 Reading Graphs: Transparent Use of Graphs in Everyday Activity.- 7 From Writhing Lizards to Graphs: The Development of Embodied Graphing Competence.- 8 Fusion of Sign and Referent: From Interpreting to Reading of Graphs.- Appendix: The Tasks.- A.1 Plant Distributions.- A.2 Population Dynamics.- A.3 Isoclines.- A.4 Scientists' Graphs.- Notes.- References.
