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Yoque en el campo he nacido dig6 que mis cantos son para los unos sonidos, y para otros intencion. H. Hernandes - Martin Fierro. The period of active influence of the people on desert environments in Central Asia counts more than 2,000 years. It includes several stages of the social and the economic development of human society - from primitive culture of hunters to developed modern society with great changes of envi- ronment and "nature remaking".Heritage of the past is one of the main causes of land degradation in Central Asia.So, only historical analysis of relations between the man and the desertcould give infor- mation for awareness of desertification. What an idea have the people about the desert? In the mind of many people "desert" is identified with a sterile, lifeless and gloom land unsuitable for life. The mass media, specially the cinema sup- ports this idea. Very popular subject of many films is the death of travelers in the desert from thirst. Eventhe names of hot winds (the "gibly" inSahara, the "samum" inArabian desertand the "afganets" inCentral Asia) fill the minds of peoplewith horror.
There are many legends about armies buried inthe sand,aboutflourishing oases and towns covered with sand drifts. Inthese legends the truth is mixed with fiction. But as known, "the truth isstronger than fiction".
Contents
1.1. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD).- 1.2. Global extension of desertification.- 1.3. Change of biological diversity.- 1.4. Degradation of the drylands of Asia.- Physical Environment and Agricultural Development.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Climate and desertification.- 2.3. Soils.- 2.4. Vegetation.- 2.5. Livestock raizing.- 2.6. Crop production.- 2.7. Pollution of environment.- 2.8. Summary and conclusion.- Historical Interaction of Desert and Society.- 3.1. The first ecological catastrophe in Central Asia.- 3.2. Land use and impact of war during the Middle Ages.- 3.3. Land reclamation, ecology and social life in Russian Turkestan.- 3.4. Aborigines and newcomers in the desert.- 3.5. We shall even control the drought!.- 3.6. Conclusion.- Political, Economic and Social Impact of Land Degradation During the Soviet Period.- 4.1. Large leap — a Central Asian version.- 4.2. Cadre determines all!.- 4.3. Change of social and ecological conditions in rural area.- 4.4. "Pripiska" and its role in land degradation.- 4.5. Conclusion.- Methodology of Desertification Assessment and Mapping.- 5.1. The concept and criteria of assessment.- 5.2. Remote sensing indicators of desertification.- 5.3. Compilation of desertification map of Turkmenistan.- 5.4. Use of NOAA/AVHRR data to study desertification.- 5.5. Multistage desertification monitoring.- 5.6. Conclusion.- Status of Degraded Arid Lands.- 6.1. Change of biodiversity under the impact of desertification.- 6.2. Degradation of forests.- 6.3. Degradation of desert rangelands.- 6.4. Soil degradation.- 6.5. Change of desert environment along the Karakum Canal bordering area.- 6.6. Summary and conclusion.- Change of Wildlife.- 7.1 Animals from "The Red Data Book".- 7.2 Other species of wildlife standalso in need of protection.- 7.3. Hunting and poaching.- 7.4. Conclusion.- Accumulated Ecological Problems in New Independent Countries of Central Asia After 1991.- 8.1. Sovereignty, poverty and refugees.- 8.2. Scarcity of water resources.- 8.3. Worsening ecological and social conditions in the areas affected by desertification.- 8.4. Enormous economic and social damage caused by desertification.- 8.5. Conclusion.- Convention to Combat Desertification — A Gleam of Hope at the end of the Tunnel.- 9.1. A concept for rehabilitation of degraded desert lands.- 9.2. Regeneration of forests.- 9.3 New approaches and arrangements.- 9.4 National Action Program to Combat Desertification (NAPCD) in Turkmenistan.- 9.5. Creation of enabling environment for implementation of NAPCD.- 9.6. Summary and conclusion.- Synthesis and Conclusion.- 10.1. Lessons of the past.- 10.2. Up-to-date situation.- 10.3. The requirements of future activities in desertification control.- Glossary of Local and Special Terms.- References.
