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The book is a comprehensive treatment of the field, covering fundamental theoretical principles and new technological advancements, state-of-the-art device design, and reviewing examples encompassing a wide range of related sub-areas. In particular, the first area focuses on the recent development of novel wearable and implantable antenna concepts and designs including metamaterial-based wearable antennas, microwave circuit integrated wearable filtering antennas, and textile and/or fabric material enabled wearable antennas. The second set of topics covers advanced wireless propagation and the associated statistical models for on-body, in-body, and off-body modes. Other sub-areas such as efficient numerical human body modeling techniques, artificial phantom synthesis and fabrication, as well as low-power RF integrated circuits and related sensor technology are also discussed. These topics have been carefully selected for their transformational impact on the next generation of body-area network systems and beyond.
Contents
List of Contributors xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
1 Textile Antennas for Body Area Networks: Design Strategies and Evaluation Methods 1
Ping Jack Soh and Guy A. E. Vandenbosch
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Textile Materials and Antenna Fabrication Procedure, 2
1.3 Design Strategies and Evaluation Methods, 5
1.4 Conclusion, 20
2 Metamaterial-Enabled and Microwave Circuit Integrated Wearable Antennas for Off-Body Communications 27
Zhi Hao Jiang, Taiwei Yue, and Douglas H. Werner
2.1 Introduction, 27
2.2 A Metasurface-Enabled Compact Wearable Antenna, 29
2.3 Microwave Circuit Integrated Wearable Filtering Antennas, 37
2.4 Investigation of Performance for Wearable Applications, 47
2.5 Conclusion, 55
3 AMC-Backed Flexible Near-Endfire Wearable Antennas for On-Body Communications 61
Kush Agarwal and Yong-Xin Guo
3.1 Introduction, 61
3.2 AMC-Backed Near-Endfire Antenna for On-Body Communications, 64
3.3 Fabricating the Antenna Configurations on Flexible Latex Substrate, 68
3.4 Investigation of Antenna Performances in Free Space, 69
3.5 Investigation of Antenna Performances on Voxel Model, 72
3.6 Antenna Performance Under Bending Deformation, 76
3.7 Measurement Results, 79
3.8 Conclusion, 84
4 Novel Antenna Designs and Characterization Methodologies for Medical Diagnostics and Sensing 87
Harish Rajagopalan and Yahya Rahmat-Samii
4.1 Introduction, 87
4.2 Ingestible Antenna Design at WMTS Band: Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Diagnostics, 97
4.3 Ingestible Antenna Design at ISM Band: Medical Compliance Sensing, 110
4.4 On-Body Antenna at UHF Band: RFID Tag for Patient Monitoring, 117
4.5 Future Outlook, 126
4.6 Conclusion, 129
5 Basic Performance Characteristics of Wearable Antennas Over a Wide Frequency Range 135
Koichi Ito
5.1 Introduction, 135
5.2 Frequency Dependence of Communication Channels Between Wearable Antennas Mounted on the Human Body, 136
5.3 Influences of Surrounding Environment and Body Movement, 142
5.4 Practical Applications, 149
5.5 Conclusion, 156
6 Implanted Antennas and RF Transmission in Through-Body Communications 159
Terence Shie Ping See, Zhi Ning Chen, and Xianming Qing
6.1 Introduction, 159
6.2 Antennas for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy, 162
6.3 Antennas in Wireless Implantable Neuroprobe Microsystem for Motor Prosthesis, 187
6.4 Conclusion, 201
7 Antennas, Phantoms, and Body-Centric Propagation at Millimeter-Waves 205
Nacer Chahat, Adrian Tang, Anda Guraliuc, Maxim Zhadobov, Ronan Sauleau, and Guido Valerio
7.1 Introduction, 205
7.2 Human Body Modeling and Exposure Guidelines, 207
7.3 Antennas For Off-Body Communications at Millimeter-Waves, 222
7.4 Antenna and Propagation for On-Body Propagation, 231
7.5 Conclusion, 248
8 Wearable Active Antenna Modules for Energy-Efficient Reliable Off-Body Communication Systems 261
Patrick Van Torre, Luigi Vallozzi, and Hendrik Rogier
8.1 Introduction, 261
8.2 Diversity and MIMO Techniques for Off-Body Wireless Channels, 264
8.3 Active Wearable Antennas: Efficient Design and Implementation, 269
8.4 Body-Centric MIMO Channels, 273
8.5 Applications, 295
8.6 Conclusions, 311
9 More Than Wearable: Epidermal Antennas for Tracking and Sensing 319
Sara Amendola, Cecilia Occhiuzzi, and Gaetano Marrocco
9.1 Introduction, 319
9.2 RFID Technology, 321
9.3 Radiation Performance of Epidermal Antennas, 322
9.4 Performance of Epidermal RFID Dual-Loop Tag, 328
9.5 Special (Functionalized) Epidermal Membranes, 335
9.6 Sensing Applications, 341
9.7 Conclusion, 347
10 Inkjet-Printed Smart Skins and Wirelessly-Powered Sensors for Wearable Applications 351
John Kimionis and Manos (Emmanouil) M. Tentzeris
10.1 Introduction, 351
10.2 Multilayer Inkjet Printing—Conductors and Dielectrics, 352
10.3 Multilayer Inkjet Printing—Antenna Examples, 354
10.4 Inkjet-Printed Sensors, 356
10.5 Conductive Polymer-Based Sensors, 357
10.6 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Sensors, 358
10.7 Inkjet-Printed Microfluidics, 360
10.8 Wireless Energy Harvesting for Wearables, 364
10.9 Microwave Receiver Design, 364
10.10 Circuit Fabrication with Inkjet-Printed Masking, 365
10.11 Input Power Estimation and RF-DC Conversion Circuit Design, 366
10.12 RF-DC Conversion Efficiency Measurement and Prototype Operation Tests, 368
10.13 Conclusion, 371
11 Circuits and Systems for Wireless Body Area Network 375
Joonsung Bae and Hoi-Jun Yoo
11.1 Introduction, 375
11.2 MBAN System Concept, 377
11.3 Energy-Efficient MBAN Hub Design, 381
11.4 Compact Sensor Node Designs, 389
11.5 System Implementation, 400
11.6 Conclusion, 401
12 Ultra Low-Power MEMS-Based Radios for WBAN 405
Raghavasimhan Thirunarayanan, Aravind Prasad Heragu, and Christian Enz
12.1 Introduction to Body Area Networks, 405
12.2 WBAN Requirements, 406
12.3 Limitations of Conventional Radios for WBAN Systems, 407
12.4 Comparison Metrics for ULP Radios, 408
12.5 MEMS Resonators—A Solution to Bulky Crystals, 411
12.5.1 BAW Resonators, 411
12.6 FBAR-Based Radios, 413
12.7 FBAR-Based TX Architecture, 413
12.8 Transmitter Measurement Results, 418
12.9 Summary of the FBAR-Based TX, 424
12.10 Receiver Architecture, 424
12.11 Summary of the FBAR-Based RX, 443
12.12 Conclusion, 443
13 Exploring Physiological Features from On-Body Radio Channels 447
Max O. Munoz and Yang Hao
13.1 Introduction, 447
13.2 Physiological Information Parameters, 449
13.3 Methods for Non-Invasive Physiological Detection, 449
13.4 Discussion and Conclusion, 466
14 Power/Data Telemetry Techniques for Implants or Wearable Systems 471
Anil K. RamRakhyani and Gianluca Lazzi
14.1 Introduction, 471
14.2 Powering of Implants and Wearable Systems, 472
14.3 Data Communication to Implants and Wearable Systems, 481
14.4 Discussion, 484
14.5 Design Examples, 485
14.6 Conclusion, 488
References, 488
Index 493
