Full Description
Spanning the 1870s to the present, Individuality Incorporated demonstrates how crucial a knowledge of Native American-White history is to rethinking key issues in American studies, cultural studies, and the history of subjectivity. Joel Pfister proposes an ingenious critical and historical reinterpretation of constructions of "Indians" and "individuals." Native Americans have long contemplated the irony that the government used its schools to coerce children from diverse tribes to view themselves first as "Indians"—encoded as the evolutionary problem—and then as "individuals"—defined as the civilized industrial solution. As Luther Standing Bear, Charles Eastman, and Black Elk attest, tribal cultures had their own complex ways of imagining, enhancing, motivating, and performing the self that did not conform to federal blueprints labeled "individuality." Enlarging the scope of this history of "individuality," Pfister elaborates the implications of state, corporate, and aesthetic experiments that moved beyond the tactics of an older melting pot hegemony to impose a modern protomulticultural rule on Natives. The argument focuses on the famous Carlisle Indian School; assimilationist novels; Native literature and cultural critique from Zitkala-Sa to Leslie Marmon Silko; Taos and Santa Fe bohemians (Mabel Dodge Luhan, D. H. Lawrence, Mary Austin); multicultural modernisms (Fred Kabotie, Oliver La Farge, John Sloan, D'Arcy McNickle); the Southwestern tourism industry's development of corporate multiculturalism; the diversity management schemes that John Collier implemented as head of the Indian New Deal; and early formulations of ethnic studies. Pfister's unique analysis moves from Gilded Age incorporations of individuality to postmodern incorporations of multicultural reworkings of individuality to unpack what is at stake in producing subjectivity in World America.
Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction: Lessons Indians Can Teach American Studies about the Role of Individuality 1
PART ONE
Categorizing and Institutionalizing Indians and Individuals 29
1 Carlisle as Individualizing Factory: Making Indians, Individuals, Workers 31
2 The School of Savagery: "Indian" Formations of Subjectivity and Carlisle 97
PART TWO
Multicultural Modernity Incorporated 133
3 Modernist Multiculturalism: Lawrence, Luhan, and the White Therapeutic Indianizing of "Lost" White Individuality 135
4 Indians Inc.:Collier's New Deal Diversity Management 185
Afterward: Diversity Incorporated and World Americanization 229
Appendix 1 Notes on Natives and Socialism 253
Appendix 2 A Proposal to Reopen Carlisle 257
Abbreviations in Notes 259
Notes 261
Index 321
