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基本説明
This study elaborates in six essyas on some of the most pressing policy problems of the Kyoto Protocol.
Full Description
International climate change policy can be broadly divided into two periods: A first period, where a broad consensus was reached to tackle the risk of global warming in a coordinated global effort, and a second period, where this consensus was finally framed into a concrete policy. The first period started at the "Earth Summit" of Rio de Janeiro in 1992, where the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was opened for signature. The UNFCCC was subsequently signed and ratified by 174 countries, making it one of the most accepted international rd treaties ever. The second period was initiated at the 3 Conference of the Parties (COP3) to the UNFCCC in Kyoto in 1997, which produced the Kyoto Protocol (KP). Till now, eighty-four countries have signed the Kyoto Protocol, but only twelve ratified it. A major reason for this slow ratification is that most operational details of the Kyoto Protocol were not decided in Kyoto but deferred to following conferences. This deferral of the details, while probably appropriate to initially reach an agreement, is a major stepping stone for a speedy ratification of the protocol. National policy makers and their constituencies, who would ultimately bear the cost of Kyoto, are generally not prepared to ratify a treaty that could mean anything, from an unsustainable strict regime of international control of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to an "L-regime" ofloopholes, or from a pure market-based international carbon trading to a regime of huge international carbon tax funds.
Contents
1 Introduction.- 2 "Hot Air" in International Emission Trading How Much and How to Respond?.- 3 Accounting of Biological Sources and Sinks. Legal and Economic Considerations.- 4 The Long-term Requirement for CDM Forestry and Economic Liability.- 5 Increasing the Acceptability of CDM Forestry Through Bundling of Bioenergy and Forest Conservation.- 6 Activities Implemented Jointly: An Empirical Analysis.- 7 Beyond COP6: The Need for Extended Flexibility.- 8 Summary and Conclusion.- 9 Terms and Abbreviations.
