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Full Description
The Microsoft Windows driver model (WDM) supports Plug and Play, provides power management capabilities, and expands on the driver/minidriver approach. Written by long-time device-driver expert Walter Oney in cooperation with the Windows kernel team, this book provides extensive practical examples, illustrations, advice, and line-by-line analysis of code samples to clarify real-world driver-programming issues. And it's been updated with the latest details about the driver technologies in Windows XP and Windows 2000, plus more information about how to debug drivers. Topics covered include: Beginning a driver project and the structure of a WDM driver; NEW: Minidrivers and class drivers, driver taxonomy, the WDM development environment and tools, management checklist, driver selection and loading, approved API calls, and driver stacks Basic programming techniques; NEW: Safe string functions, memory limits, the Driver Verifier scheme and tags, the kernel handle flag, and the Windows 98 floating-point problem Synchronization; NEW: Details about the interrupt request level (IRQL) scheme, along with Windows 98 and Windows Me compatibility The I/O request packet (IRP) and I/O control operations; NEW: How to send control operations to other drivers, custom queue implementations, and how to handle and safely cancel IRPs Plug and Play for function drivers; NEW: Controller and multifunction devices, monitoring device removal in user mode, Human Interface Devices (HID), including joysticks and other game controllers, minidrivers for non-HID devices, and feature reports Reading and writing data, power management, and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) NEW: System wakeup, the WMI control for idle detection, and using WMIMOFCK Specialized topics and distributing drivers; NEW: USB 2.0, selective suspend, Windows Hardware Quality Lab (WHQL) certification, driver selection and loading, officially approved API calls, and driver stacks COVERS WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS ME, WINDOWS 2000, AND WINDOWS XP! CD-ROM FEATURES: A fully searchable electronic copy of the book Sample code in Microsoft Visual C++ For customers who purchase an ebook version of this title, instructions for downloading the CD files can be found in the ebook.
Contents
Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii 1 Beginning a Driver Project 1 A Brief History of Device Drivers 1 An Overview of the Operating Systems 5 Windows XP Overview 5 Windows 98/Windows Me Overview 8 What Kind of Driver Do I Need? 10 WDM Drivers 12 Other Types of Drivers 15 Management Overview and Checklist 16 2 Basic Structure of a WDM Driver 21 How Drivers Work 21 How Applications Work 22 Device Drivers 24 How the System Finds and Loads Drivers 27 Device and Driver Layering 28 Plug and Play Devices 31 Legacy Devices 35 Recursive Enumeration 38 Order of Driver Loading 38 IRP Routing 41 The Two Basic Data Structures 47 Driver Objects 47 Device Objects 51 The DriverEntry Routine 54 Overview of DriverEntry 56 DriverUnload 59 The AddDevice Routine 60 Creating a Device Object 61 Naming Devices 63 Other Global Device Initialization 80 Putting the Pieces Together 86 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 87 Differences in DriverEntry Call 87 DriverUnload 87 The \GLOBAL?? Directory 87 Unimplemented Device Types 87 3 Basic Programming Techniques 89 The Kernel-Mode Programming Environment 89 Using Standard Run-Time Library Functions 91 A Caution About Side Effects 92 Error Handling 92 Status Codes 93 Structured Exception Handling 95 Bug Checks 106 Memory Management 107 User-Mode and Kernel-Mode Address Spaces 108 Heap Allocator 117 Linked Lists 124 Lookaside Lists 130 String Handling 134 Miscellaneous Programming Techniques 138 Accessing the Registry 138 Accessing Files 147 Floating-Point Calculations 151 Making Debugging Easier 152 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 157 File I/O 157 Floating Point 158 4 Synchronization 161 An Archetypal Synchronization Problem 162 Interrupt Request Level 164 IRQL in Operation 167 IRQL Compared with Thread Priorities 168 IRQL and Paging 168 Implicitly Controlling IRQL 169 Explicitly Controlling IRQL 171 Spin Locks 172 Some Facts About Spin Locks 173 Working with Spin Locks 174 Queued Spin Locks 176 Kernel Dispatcher Objects 177 How and When You Can Block 178 Waiting on a Single Dispatcher Object 180 Waiting on Multiple Dispatcher Objects 183 Kernel Events 184 Kernel Semaphores 188 Kernel Mutexes 190 Kernel Timers 191 Using Threads for Synchronization 197 Thread Alerts and APCs 198 Other Kernel-Mode Synchronization Primitives 201 Fast Mutex Objects 201 Interlocked Arithmetic 206 Interlocked List Access 210 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 214 5 The I/O Request Packet 215 Data Structures 215 Structure of an IRP 215 The I/O Stack 219 The "Standard Model" for IRP Processing 222 Creating an IRP 223 Forwarding to a Dispatch Routine 226 Duties of a Dispatch Routine 232 The StartIo Routine 239 The Interrupt Service Routine 241 Deferred Procedure Call Routine 241 Completion Routines 242 Queuing I/O Requests 256 Using the DEVQUEUE Object 260 Using Cancel-Safe Queues 263 Cancelling I/O Requests 269 If It Weren t for Multitasking 270 Synchronizing Cancellation 270 Some Details of IRP Cancellation 272 How the DEVQUEUE Handles Cancellation 273 Cancelling IRPs You Create or Handle 280 Handling IRP_MJ_CLEANUP 289 Cleanup with a DEVQUEUE 291 Cleanup with a Cancel-Safe Queue 293 Summary Eight IRP-Handling Scenarios 293 Scenario 1 Pass Down with Completion Routine 294 Scenario 2 Pass Down Without Completion Routine 295 Scenario 3 Complete in the Dispatch Routine 296 Scenario 4 Queue for Later Processing 297 Scenario 5 Your Own Asynchronous IRP 299 Scenario 6 Your Own Synchronous IRP 301 Scenario 7 Synchronous Pass Down 303 Scenario 8 Asynchronous IRP Handled Synchronously 304 6 Plug and Play for Function Drivers 307 IRP_MJ_PNP Dispatch Function 310 Starting and Stopping Your Device 312 IRP_MN_START_DEVICE 313 IRP_MN_STOP_DEVICE 316 IRP_MN_REMOVE_DEVICE 318 IRP_MN_SURPRISE_REMOVAL 319 Managing PnP State Transitions 320 Starting the Device 323 Is It OK to Stop the Device? 323 While the Device Is Stopped 325 Is It OK to Remove the Device? 326 Synchronizing Removal 328 Why Do I Need This @#$! Remove Lock, Anyway? 332 How the DEVQUEUE Works with PnP 338 Other Configuration Functionality 342 Filtering Resource Requirements 342 Device Usage Notifications 344 PnP Notifications 347 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 360 Surprise Removal 360 PnP Notifications 361 The Remove Lock 361 7 Reading and Writing Data 363 Configuring Your Device 363 Addressing a Data Buffer 367 Specifying a Buffering Method 368 Ports and Registers 373 Port Resources 375 Memory Resources 377 Servicing an Interrupt 379 Configuring an Interrupt 379 Handling Interrupts 381 Deferred Procedure Calls 385 A Simple Interrupt-Driven Device 389 Direct Memory Access 397 Transfer Strategies 399 Performing DMA Transfers 401 Using a Common Buffer 418 A Simple Bus-Master Device 421 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 424 8 Power Management 425 The WDM Power Model 426 The Roles of WDM Drivers 426 Device Power and System Power States 427 Power State Transitions 428 Handling IRP_MJ_POWER Requests 429 Managing Power Transitions 433 Required Infrastructure 436 Initial Triage 437 System Power IRPs That Increase Power 438 System Power IRPs That Decrease Power 446 Device Power IRPs 449 Additional Power-Management Details 460 Flags to Set in AddDevice 460 Device Wake-Up Features 461 Powering Off When Idle 469 Using Sequence Numbers to Optimize State Changes 474 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 475 The Importance of DO_POWER_PAGABLE 475 Completing Power IRPs 475 Requesting Device Power IRPs 476 PoCallDriver 476 Other Differences 476 9 I/O Control Operations 479 The DeviceIoControl API 480 Synchronous and Asynchronous Calls to DeviceIoControl 481 Defining I/O Control Codes 483 Handling IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL 485 METHOD_BUFFERED 488 The DIRECT Buffering Methods 489 METHOD_NEITHER 491 Designing a Safe and Secure IOCTL Interface 492 Internal I/O Control Operations 494 Notifying Applications of Interesting Events 497 Using a Shared Event for Notification 499 Using a Pending IOCTL for Notification 500 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 506 10 Windows Management Instrumentation 507 WMI Concepts 508 A Sample Schema 510 Mapping WMI Classes to C Structures 511 WDM Drivers and WMI 512 Delegating IRPs to WMILIB 514 Advanced Features 523 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 534 11 Controller and Multifunction Devices 535 Overall Architecture 536 Child Device Objects 536 Handling PnP Requests 539 Telling the PnP Manager About Our Children 541 PDO Handling of PnP Requests 542 Handling Device Removal 546 Handling IRP_MN_QUERY_ID 547 Handling IRP_MN_QUERY_DEVICE_RELATIONS 548 Handling IRP_MN_QUERY_INTERFACE 549 Handling Power Requests 554 Handling Child Device Resources 558 12 The Universal Serial Bus 559 Programming Architecture 561 Device Hierarchy 561 What s in a Device? 563 Information Flow 566 Descriptors 579 Working with the Bus Driver 589 Initiating Requests 590 Configuration 593 Managing Bulk Transfer Pipes 604 Managing Interrupt Pipes 613 Control Requests 614 Managing Isochronous Pipes 617 Idle Power Management for USB Devices '635 13 Human Interface Devices 639 Drivers for HID Devices 640 Reports and Report Descriptors 640 Sample Keyboard Descriptor 641 HIDFAKE Descriptor 644 HIDCLASS Minidrivers 646 DriverEntry 646 Driver Callback Routines 647 Internal IOCTL Interface 655 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 670 Handling IRP_MN_QUERY_ID 670 Joysticks 671 14 Specialized Topics 673 Logging Errors 673 Creating an Error Log Packet 675 Creating a Message File 678 System Threads 682 Creating and Terminating System Threads 683 Using a System Thread for Device Polling 686 Work Items 689 Watchdog Timers 691 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 695 Error Logging 695 Waiting for System Threads to Finish 695 Work Items 696 15 Distributing Device Drivers 697 The Role of the Registry 698 The Hardware (Instance) Key 699 The Class Key 701 The Driver Key 703 The Service (Software) Key 703 Accessing the Registry from a Program 704 Device Object Properties 708 The INF File 709 Install Sections 713 Populating the Registry 718 Security Settings 723 Strings and Localization 725 Device Identifiers 726 Driver Ranking 732 Tools for INF Files 734 Defining a Device Class 737 A Property Page Provider 738 Customizing Setup 743 Installers and Co-installers 744 Preinstalling Driver Files 752 Value-Added Software 753 Installing a Driver Programmatically 754 The RunOnce Key 754 Launching an Application 755 The Windows Hardware Quality Lab 756 Running the Hardware Compatibility Tests 757 Submitting a Driver Package 763 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 769 Property Page Providers 769 Installers and Co-installers 770 Preinstalled Driver Packages 770 Digital Signatures 770 Installing Drivers Programmatically 770 CONFIGMG API 770 INF Incompatibilities 771 Registry Usage 771 Getting Device Properties 772 16 Filter Drivers 773 The Role of a Filter Driver 773 Upper Filter Drivers 773 Lower Filter Drivers 778 Mechanics of a Filter Driver 779 The DriverEntry Routine 779 The AddDevice Routine 780 The DispatchAny Function 783 The DispatchPower Routine 784 The DispatchPnp Routine 784 Installing a Filter Driver 787 Installing a Class Filter 787 Installing a Device Filter with the Function Driver 790 Installing a Device Filter for an Existing Device 790 Case Studies 791 Lower Filter for Traffic Monitoring 791 Named Filters 792 Bus Filters 795 Keyboard and Mouse Filters 796 Filtering Other HID Devices 799 Windows 98/Me Compatibility Notes 800 WDM Filters for VxD Drivers 800 INF Shortcut 800 Class Filter Drivers 800 A Coping with Cross-Platform Incompatibilities 801 Determining the Operating System Version 801 Run-Time Dynamic Linking 802 Checking Platform Compatibility 803 Defining Win98/Me Stubs for Kernel-Mode Routines 805 Version Compatibility 806 Stub Functions 807 Using WDMSTUB 809 Interaction Between WDMSTUB and WDMCHECK 810 Special Licensing Note 810 B Using WDMWIZ.AWX 811 Basic Driver Information 811 DeviceIoControl Codes 814 I/O Resources 815 USB Endpoints 815 WMI Support 817 Parameters for the INF File 818 Now What? 819 INDEX
