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Full Description
Get the in-depth technical details you need to support TCP/IP on the Windows Server 2003 platform with this comprehensive technical guide. Combining concepts with packet examples, it steps layer by layer through the TCP/IP protocols and services that Windows Server 2003 supports to help you understand how they work and how they're implemented in the operating system. With the latest information about: Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) Virtual private networks (VPNs) A must-have for any technical professional who works with Windows Server 2003 and TCP/IP Includes details about these protocols and services: Network interface layer protocols: Local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) encapsulations, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and PPP Internet layer protocols: Internet Protocol (IP) basics, addressing, and routing; Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP); Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP); and an overview of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Transport layer protocols: User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) basics, TCP connections, TCP data flow, and TCP retransmission, and time-out Application layer protocols and services: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), Windows Internet Name Service (WINS), file and printer sharing, RADIUS and Internet Authentication Service (IAS), Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) and the Internet protocols, IPSec, and VPNs.Winner of a Merit Award at the Puget Sound Chapter of the Society for Technical Communication (STC), January 2004). For customers who purchase an ebook version of this title, instructions for downloading the CD files can be found in the ebook.
Contents
Tables xvii Introduction xxi PART I THE NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER 1 Local Area Network (LAN) Technologies 3 LAN Encapsulations 3 Ethernet 4 Ethernet II 5 IEEE 802.3 9 IEEE 802.3 SNAP 12 Special Bits on Ethernet MAC Addresses 14 Token Ring 16 IEEE 802.5 16 IEEE 802.5 SNAP 20 Special Bits on Token Ring MAC Addresses 22 FDDI 24 FDDI Frame Format 24 FDDI SNAP 26 Special Bits on FDDI MAC Addresses 28 IEEE 802.11 29 IEEE 802.11 Frame Format 29 IEEE 802.11 SNAP 33 Summary 34 2 Wide Area Network (WAN) Technologies 35 WAN Encapsulations 35 Point-to-Point Encapsulation 36 SLIP 36 PPP 38 PPP Multilink Protocol 42 X.25 45 X.25 Encapsulation 46 Frame Relay 48 Frame Relay Encapsulation 50 ATM 52 The ATM Cell 53 ATM Architecture 55 AAL5 58 Multiprotocol Encapsulation with AAL5 61 Summary 62 3 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 63 Overview of ARP 63 The ARP Cache 64 Updating the MAC Address 66 ARP Registry Settings 66 ARP Frame Structure 68 ARP Request and ARP Reply Example 71 Gratuitous ARP and Duplicate IP Address Detection 73 IP Address Conflict Detection 74 The Gratuitous ARP and Address Conflict Exchange 75 Inverse ARP (InARP) 76 Proxy ARP 77 Summary 79 4 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 81 PPP Connection Process 81 PPP Connection Termination 82 Link Control Protocol 83 LCP Options 84 LCP Negotiation Process 85 PPP Authentication Protocols 88 PAP 88 CHAP 90 MS-CHAP 92 MS-CHAP v2 94 EAP 96 Callback and the Callback Control Protocol 101 Network Control Protocols 101 IPCP 101 Compression Control Protocol 103 Encryption Control Protocol 104 Network Monitor Example 105 PPP over Ethernet 106 PPPoE Discovery Stage 108 PPPoE Session Stage 109 Summary 110 Introduction to IP 113 IP Services 113 IP MTU 115 The IP Datagram 116 The IP Header 117 Version 117 Header Length 118 Type Of Service 118 Total Length 122 Identification 122 Flags 123 Fragment Offset 123 Time To Live 123 Protocol 124 Header Checksum 125 Source Address 126 Destination Address 126 Options and Padding 126 Fragmentation 127 Fragmentation Fields 127 Fragmentation Example 129 Reassembly Example 131 Fragmenting a Fragment 133 Avoiding Fragmentation 133 IP Options 136 Copy 136 Option Class 136 Option Number 137 Summary 146 6 Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing 147 Types of IP Addresses 147 Expressing IP Addresses 147 Converting from Binary to Decimal 148 Converting from Decimal to Binary 149 IP Addresses in the IP Header 149 Unicast IP Addresses 149 A History Lesson: IP Address Classes 150 Rules for Enumerating Network IDs 152 Rules for Enumerating Host IDs 152 Subnets and the Subnet Mask 153 How to Subnet 157 Variable-Length Subnetting 166 Supernetting and CIDR 169 Public and Private Addresses 172 Automatic Private IP Addressing 175 IP Broadcast Addresses 176 Network Broadcast 177 Subnet Broadcast 177 All-Subnets-Directed Broadcast 177 Limited Broadcast 178 IP Multicast Addresses 178 Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses 179 Summary 181 7 Internet Protocol (IP) Routing 183 Introduction to IP Routing 183 Direct and Indirect Deliveries 183 Types of Links 184 Broadcast 184 Point-to-Point 185 Non-Broadcast Multiple Access 186 The IP Routing Table 187 Structure 187 Types of Routes 188 Route Determination Process 189 IP Routing Table for the Windows Server 2003 Family 190 Multihomed Nodes 192 Maintaining the IP Routing Table 193 IP Routing from Sending Host to Destination 197 Sending Host Forwarding Process 197 IP Router Forwarding Process 197 Destination Host Receiving Process 199 IP Routing Infrastructure Overview 200 Single-Path vs. Multipath 200 Class-Based vs. Classless 201 Flat vs. Hierarchical 203 Static vs. Dynamic 204 Single vs. Multiple Autonomous Systems 208 Routing Utilities 208 Summary 209 8 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 211 ICMP Message Structure 212 ICMP Messages 213 ICMP Echo and Echo Reply 213 ICMP Destination Unreachable 215 PMTU Discovery 219 ICMP Source Quench 223 ICMP Redirect 224 ICMP Router Discovery 227 ICMP Time Exceeded 230 ICMP Parameter Problem 231 ICMP Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply 233 Ping Utility 234 Ping Options 235 Tracert Utility 236 Tracert Options 239 Pathping Utility 240 Pathping Options 242 Summary 242 9 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 243 Introduction to IP Multicast and IGMP 243 IP Multicasting Overview 244 Host Support 244 Router Support 246 The Multicast-Enabled IP Internetwork 247 IGMP Message Structure 249 IGMP Version 1 (IGMPv1) 249 IGMP Version 2 (IGMPv2) 253 IGMP Version 3 (IGMPv3) 256 The Windows Server 2003 Family and IGMP 260 TCP/IP Protocol 260 Routing and Remote Access Service 261 Summary 264 10 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 265 The Disadvantages of IPv4 265 IPv6 Addressing 267 Basics of Address Syntax 268 Types of Addresses 268 Types of Unicast Addresses 269 IPv6 Interface Identifiers 269 DNS Support 270 Core Protocols of IPv6 270 IPv6 270 ICMPv6 271 Neighbor Discovery 271 Multicast Listener Discovery 272 Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6 272 Summary 273 PART III TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS 11 User Datagram Protocol 277 Introduction to UDP 277 Uses for UDP 278 The UDP Message 279 The UDP Header 279 The UDP Pseudo Header 281 UDP Ports 282 Summary 284 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Basics 285 Introduction to TCP 285 The TCP Segment 286 The TCP Header 287 TCP Ports 289 TCP Flags 292 The TCP Pseudo Header 293 TCP Urgent Data 294 TCP Options 296 End Of Option List and No Operation 296 Maximum Segment Size Option 297 TCP Window Scale Option 299 Selective Acknowledgment Option 302 TCP Timestamps Option 305 Summary 308 13 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Connections 309 The TCP Connection 309 TCP Connection Establishment 310 Segment 1: The Synchronize (SYN) Segment 311 Segment 2: The SYN-ACK Segment 312 Segment 3: The ACK Segment 314 Result of the TCP Connection 315 TCP Half-Open Connections 316 TCP Connection Maintenance 320 TCP Connection Termination 321 Segment 1: The FIN-ACK from TCP Peer 1 322 Segment 2: The FIN from TCP Peer 2 323 Segment 3: The FIN-ACK from TCP Peer 2 324 Segment 4: The ACK from TCP Peer 1 325 TCP Connection Reset 326 TCP Connection States 329 Controlling TCP Connection Terminations in the Windows Server 2003 Family and Windows XP 331 Summary 332 14 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Data Flow 333 Basic TCP Data Flow Behavior 333 TCP Acknowledgments 334 Delayed Acknowledgments 334 Cumulative for Contiguous Data 335 Selective for Noncontiguous Data 335 TCP Sliding Windows 336 Send Window 337 Receive Window 340 TCP/IP for the Windows Server 2003 Family and Windows XP Maximum Receive Window Size 343 Small Segments 346 The Nagle Algorithm 346 Silly Window Syndrome 347 Sender-Side Flow Control 348 Slow Start Algorithm 349 Congestion Avoidance Algorithm 352 Summary 353 15 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Retransmission and Time-Out 355 Retransmission Time-Out and Round-Trip Time 355 Congestion Collapse 356 Retransmission Behavior 357 Retransmission Behavior for New Connections 359 Dead Gateway Detection 360 Using the Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) TCP Option 361 Calculating the RTO 362 Using the TCP Timestamps Option 364 Karn s Algorithm 368 Karn s Algorithm and the Timestamps Option 369 Fast Retransmit 370 Fast SERVICES 16 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server Service 375 Overview of DHCP in Windows Server 2003 376 What Is DHCP? 376 DHCP Overview and Key Terms 376 How DHCP Works 382 DHCP Messages 387 General Message Format 387 DHCPDISCOVER 389 DHCPOFFER 391 DHCPREQUEST 393 DHCPACK 396 DHCPDECLINE 397 DHCPNAK 399 DHCPRELEASE 401 DHCPINFORM 402 DHCP Options 403 What Are DHCP Options? 403 Options Supported by Windows Server 2003 404 Summary 407 17 Domain Name System (DNS) 409 Overview of DNS 410 What Is DNS? 410 Key DNS Terms 410 How DNS Works 430 Configuring DNS Client Functions 430 Resolving Names 431 Resolving Aliases 433 Dynamically Updating DNS 435 Transferring Zone Information 437 DNS Resource Records 439 What Are Resource Records? 439 RRs Supported by Windows Server 2003 441 DNS Messages 442 DNS Message Types 443 Name Query Message 449 Name Query Response Message 450 Reverse Name Query Message 450 Name Update Message 451 Name Update Response Message 451 Summary 451 18 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) 453 Overview of WINS in Windows Server 2003 454 What Is WINS? 454 Key WINS Terms 455 How WINS Works 466 Registering NetBIOS Names 466 Resolving NetBIOS Name Registration Conflicts 469 Releasing NetBIOS Names 469 Resolving NetBIOS Names 470 Refreshing NetBIOS Names 471 Determining Adapter Status 471 NetBIOS Name Service Messages 472 Name Service Header 474 NetBIOS Name Representation 476 Question Entries 478 RRs 479 Resource Record Name Compression 482 Name Registration Message 482 Positive Name Registration Response 483 Negative Name Registration Response 484 Name Refresh Message 485 Name Release Request Message 485 Name Release Response Message 486 Name Query Request Message 487 Positive Name Query Response Message 488 Negative Name Response Message 488 Wait Acknowledgment Message 489 Summary 490 19 File and Printer Sharing 491 Introduction to CIFS 492 CIFS Operation 493 Introduction to Internet Printing 501 IPP Operation 502 IPP Specifications 505 Summary 513 20 RADIUS and Internet Authentication Service 515 RADIUS and IAS Server in Windows Server 2003 515 RADIUS in Operation 517 RADIUS Authentication 517 RADIUS Accounting 518 RADIUS Proxy 519 RADIUS Attributes 520 RADIUS in Windows Server 2003 520 RADIUS Authentication in Routing and Remote Access 520 RADIUS Accounting in Windows Server 2003 524 RADIUS Proxy in Windows Server 2003 529 RADIUS Message Structure 533 Common RADIUS Header 533 Attributes 535 Vendor-Specific Attributes 542 RADIUS Messages 544 Authentication 544 Accounting 547 Summary 552 21 Internet Information Services (IIS) and the Internet Protocols 553 HTTP 553 HTTP in Operation 555 URIs 557 HTTP Messages 558 Request Messages 558 Response Messages 561 HTTP Codings 575 HTTP Content Negotiation 575 HTTP Caching 577 FTP 577 FTP Operation 579 FTP Data 581 Connections and Transmission Modes 583 FTP Commands and Responses 586 NNTP 588 NNTP Operation 590 NNTP Commands and Responses 591 SMTP 602 SMTP Operation 603 SMTP Commands 606 SMTP Replies 609 Summary 610 22 Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) 611 IPSec Overview 611 Properties of Secure Communications 612 Hashing and Encryption Algorithms 613 Key Management 614 Security Associations 614 IPSec Headers 616 Authentication Header 616 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Header 620 Internet Key Exchange 624 ISAKMP Message Structure 624 ISAKMP Header 625 SA Payload 627 Proposal Payload 628 Transform Payload 629 Vendor ID Payload 631 Nonce Payload 632 Key Exchange Payload 632 Notification Payload 633 Delete Payload 635 Identification Payload 635 Hash Payload 636 Certificate Request Payload 637 Certificate Payload 638 Signature Payload 638 Main Mode Negotiation 639 Negotiation of Protection Suites 639 Key Exchange and Authentication 640 Quick Mode Negotiation 646 Retransmit Behavior 647 IPSec NAT Traversal 648 Summary 650 23 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 651 Overview of VPNs 652 VPN Clients and Servers 653 VPN Protocols 653 Tunneling 654 VPNs and PPP 656 VPN Address Assignment 656 VPN Data Compression 657 VPN Data Encryption 657 PPTP 657 PPTP Data Encapsulation 658 PPTP Control Connection 658 L2TP/IPSec 660 L2TP/IPSec Data Encapsulation 661 L2TP Control Connection 662 Summary 664 GLOSSARY 665 BIBLIOGRAPHY 675 INDEX
