Full Description
Civil Islam tells the story of Islam and democratization in Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim nation. Challenging stereotypes of Islam as antagonistic to democracy, this study of courage and reformation in the face of state terror suggests possibilities for democracy in the Muslim world and beyond. Democratic in the early 1950s and with rich precedents for tolerance and civility, Indonesia succumbed to violence. In 1965, Muslim parties were drawn into the slaughter of half a million communists. In the aftermath of this bloodshed, a "New Order" regime came to power, suppressing democratic forces and instituting dictatorial controls that held for decades. Yet from this maelstrom of violence, repressed by the state and denounced by conservative Muslims, an Islamic democracy movement emerged, strengthened, and played a central role in the 1998 overthrow of the Soeharto regime. In 1999, Muslim leader Abdurrahman Wahid was elected President of a reformist, civilian government.
In explaining how this achievement was possible, Robert Hefner emphasizes the importance of civil institutions and public civility, but argues that neither democracy nor civil society is possible without a civilized state. Against portrayals of Islam as inherently antipluralist and undemocratic, he shows that Indonesia's Islamic reform movement repudiated the goal of an Islamic state, mobilized religiously ecumenical support, promoted women's rights, and championed democratic ideals. This broadly interdisciplinary and timely work heightens our awareness of democracy's necessary pluralism, and places Indonesia at the center of our efforts to understand what makes democracy work.
Contents
Foreward vii Preface xi Acknowlegments xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii Chapter One: Democratization in an Age of Religious Revitalization 3 Chapter Two: Civil Precedence 21 Chapter Three: Contests of Nation 37 Chapter Four: Ambivalent Alliances: Religion and Politics in the Early New Order 58 Chapter Five: The Modernist Travail 94 Chapter Six: Islam Deferred: Regimist Islam and the Struggle for the Middle Class 128 Chapter Seven: Uncivil State: Muslims and Violence in Soeharto's Fall 167 Chapter Eight: Conclusion: Muslim Politics, Global Modernity 214 Notes 223 Index 271
