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アメリカ英語：歴史、構造、用例
American English : History, Structure, and Usage
Amberg, Julie S. Vause, Deborah J.
Paperback:紙装版/ペーパーバック版  |
List of figures xiv
List of tables xvi
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction: What is language? 1 (18)
Key terms 1 (1)
Overview 1 (1)
Introduction 1 (1)
The power of language 2 (1)
Language and communication 2 (1)
Exercise 1.1 3 (1)
Language and identity 3 (1)
Exercise 1.2 4 (1)
How we define language 5 (1)
Language signs 5 (1)
Types of signs 6 (2)
Exercise 1.3 8 (1)
Fluency in language 8 (1)
Word systems 9 (1)
Sentence structures 9 (1)
Sound systems 9 (1)
Context 10 (1)
Exercise 1.4 10 (1)
Language innateness 11 (2)
The story of Genie 13 (1)
Studying language 13 (1)
Exercise 1.5 14 (1)
Guidelines for linguistic analysis 15 (1)
Chapter summary 15 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 15 (1)
Hot Topic: Fitting language to a language 16 (1)
community
Translations 17 (1)
Learn more about it 18 (1)
The study of language 18 (1)
Language acquisition 18 (1)
Defining American English 19 (22)
Key terms 19 (1)
Overview 19 (1)
Introduction 19 (1)
American English? 20 (1)
What is American English? 21 (1)
The history of American English 22 (1)
Exercise 2.1 23 (2)
Exercise 2.2 25 (1)
American English and American identity 26 (2)
Exercise 2.3 28 (1)
Standard American English 28 (3)
Language and power 31 (1)
Exercise 2.4 32 (1)
American English as a global language 33 (2)
Exercise 2.5 35 (1)
Exercise 2.6 36 (1)
Chapter summary 36 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 37 (1)
Hot Topic: Politically correct language 38 (1)
and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Learn more about it 39 (1)
American English 39 (1)
Language and power 40 (1)
English as a global language 40 (1)
American English morphology 41 (19)
Key terms 41 (1)
Overview 41 (1)
Introduction 42 (1)
Word structure of contemporary American 43 (1)
English
Morphology 43 (1)
Definition of morphemes 43 (1)
Classification of morphemes 44 (1)
Affixes: Inflectional and derivational 45 (1)
morphemes
Inflectional morphemes 46 (1)
Derivational morphemes 47 (1)
Exercise 3.1 48 (1)
Word histories 48 (1)
Exercise 3.2 49 (1)
Borrowings 49 (2)
Advantages of loanwords 51 (1)
Exercise 3.3 52 (1)
Coined words 53 (1)
Compounds 53 (1)
Initialisms 53 (1)
Acronyms 54 (1)
Clipped words 54 (1)
Back formation 55 (1)
Eponymy 55 (1)
Blended words 55 (1)
Exercise 3.4 56 (1)
Chapter summary 56 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 56 (1)
Hot Topic: The language of advertising 57 (1)
Learn more about it 58 (1)
Morphology 58 (1)
Etymology 59 (1)
The historical roots of American English 60 (21)
Key terms 60 (1)
Overview 60 (1)
Introduction 60 (2)
The history of English 62 (1)
Geographical and social isolation 62 (1)
Exercise 4.1 63 (1)
Proto-Indo-European 63 (1)
Cognates 64 (1)
Cognates from the Indo-European family 65 (1)
Exercise 4.2 65 (1)
Language privileging 65 (2)
Exercise 4.3 67 (1)
Old English 67 (1)
Exercise 4.4 68 (1)
Prolonged language contact 69 (1)
Latin 69 (1)
Old Norse 69 (2)
Similarities between Old Norse and Old 71 (1)
English
Norman French 72 (1)
Privileging French 73 (1)
The rise of English as the national 74 (1)
language
Morphological change: leveling 75 (1)
The loss of inflectional endings in 75 (1)
English
A national language: Early Modern English 75 (2)
Exercise 4.5 77 (1)
Chapter summary 77 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 77 (1)
Hot Topic: Gender-neutral pronouns 78 (1)
Learn more about it 79 (1)
A developing language: Old English 79 (1)
A national language: Early Modern English 80 (1)
American English grammar and syntax 81 (20)
Key terms 81 (1)
Overview 81 (1)
Introduction 81 (1)
Exercise 5.1 82 (1)
Conflict over American English grammar 83 (1)
Definitions of grammar 84 (1)
Exercise 5.2 84 (1)
Prescriptive grammars 85 (1)
The eighteenth century and the 86 (1)
prescriptive approach
British English 86 (1)
American English 86 (1)
The prescriptivist approach today 87 (1)
Exercise 5.3 88 (1)
Exercise 5.4 89 (1)
Descriptive grammars 89 (2)
Syntax 91 (1)
Exercise 5.5 92 (2)
Exercise 5.6 94 (1)
Phrase structure rules 94 (1)
Exercise 5.7 95 (1)
Generative grammar 96 (1)
Chapter summary 97 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 98 (1)
Hot Topic: Is Instant Messaging ruining 99 (1)
our kids?
Learn more about it 99 (1)
Historical perspectives on the study of 99 (1)
grammar
Contemporary perspectives on the study of 100 (1)
grammar
American English sounds and spelling 101 (22)
Key terms 101 (1)
Overview 101 (1)
Introduction 102 (1)
The phonology of American English 103 (2)
Transcribing phonemes 105 (2)
Exercise 6.1 107 (1)
Classifying phonemes 107 (1)
Places and manners of articulation 108 (1)
Consonants 108 (1)
Voicing contrasts 108 (2)
Vowels 110 (1)
Exercise 6.2 110 (1)
Combining phonemes 111 (1)
Changing rules 111 (1)
Exercise 6.3 112 (1)
The spelling system of American English 113 (1)
Early changes in English spelling 113 (1)
English spelling changes after the Norman 114 (1)
Conquest
The standardization of written English 114 (1)
William Caxton and the printing press 114 (2)
Exercise 6.4 116 (1)
American English spelling 117 (1)
Exercise 6.5 118 (1)
Chapter summary 118 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 119 (1)
Hot Topic: How valid is a dictionary? 120 (1)
Learn more about it 121 (1)
American English phonology 121 (1)
American English orthography 121 (2)
Meaning and usage in American English 123 (22)
Key terms 123 (1)
Overview 123 (1)
Introduction 124 (1)
Word meanings 124 (1)
Contrasting lexemes and words 125 (1)
Semantic fields 126 (1)
Semantic relationships 127 (1)
Exercise 7.1 127 (1)
Exercise 7.2 128 (1)
Denotation and connotation 129 (2)
Exercise 7.3 131 (1)
Lexical change 131 (2)
Exercise 7.4 133 (1)
Language in context: pragmatics 133 (1)
Speech acts 134 (1)
Nonliteral speech 135 (2)
American English metaphors 137 (1)
Exercise 7.5 138 (1)
Discourse analysis - conversations 139 (1)
Chapter summary 140 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 141 (1)
Hot Topic: The rhetoric of American 142 (1)
speeches
Guided questions 143 (1)
Learn more about it 144 (1)
Understanding semantics 144 (1)
Negotiating meaning 144 (1)
Pragmatics 144 (1)
Discourse analysis 144 (1)
Variations in American English 145 (20)
Key terms 145 (1)
Overview 145 (1)
Introduction 145 (2)
Exercise 8.1 147 (1)
Studying dialects 147 (1)
Exercise 8.2 148 (1)
Regional dialects 149 (1)
Exercise 8.3 150 (1)
Social language variation 151 (1)
Ethnic variation 151 (1)
Dialect focus: Chicano English 152 (2)
Exercise 8.4 154 (1)
Dialect focus: African American English 154 (3)
Gender variation 157 (1)
Controversy over the Oakland School Board 158 (1)
resolution
Differences in speech of males and females 159 (1)
Explanations for gender speech variation 159 (2)
Exercise 8.5 161 (1)
Chapter summary 161 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 161 (1)
Hot Topic: Change your life! Get a new 162 (1)
accent today!
Learn more about it 163 (1)
Studying dialects 163 (1)
Dialect focus: Chicano English 163 (1)
Dialect focus: African American English 164 (1)
Gender and language 164 (1)
Language, community, and American policy 165 (26)
Key terms 165 (1)
Overview 165 (1)
Introduction 165 (2)
Individuals and their communities 167 (1)
Exercise 9.1 168 (1)
Language and prestige 169 (1)
Exercise 9.2 170 (1)
Slang and jargon 170 (3)
Exercise 9.3 173 (1)
Exercise 9.4 173 (1)
American language policies 174 (1)
The privileging of American English 174 (2)
Nineteenth-century policies toward 176 (1)
minority languages
Native Americans 176 (2)
Exercise 9.5 178 (1)
Spanish and Hawai'ian 178 (2)
Twentieth-century policies toward 180 (4)
minority languages
Efforts to save the Hawai'ian language 184 (1)
English and the complexities of a 184 (3)
national language
Exercise 9.6 187 (1)
Chapter summary 187 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 187 (1)
Hot Topic: Taking a position on 188 (1)
endangered languages
Learn more about it 189 (1)
America's first languages 189 (1)
Language policy 190 (1)
English and the complexities of a 190 (1)
national language
Conclusion: Language policy and English 191 (15)
language learners
Key terms 191 (1)
Overview 191 (1)
Introduction 191 (1)
Exercise 10.1 192 (1)
The second language acquisition process 192 (2)
Variables affecting L2 learning 194 (1)
Exercise 10.2 195 (1)
L2 instruction 195 (1)
Exercise 10.3 196 (1)
Approaches to L2 instruction 196 (1)
History of bilingual education 197 (1)
Exercise 10.4 198 (1)
Bilingual education: Focus on California 198 (3)
Chapter summary 201 (1)
Critical Thinking exercises 202 (1)
Hot Topic: Teaching SAE to native English 203 (1)
speakers
Learn more about it 204 (1)
The L2 acquisition process 204 (1)
L2 instruction 204 (1)
Bilingual education: Focus on California 204 (2)
Glossary 206 (8)
References 214 (3)
Index 217
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