尋問と自白の心理学<br>The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions : A Handbook (Wiley Series in Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law)

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尋問と自白の心理学
The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions : A Handbook (Wiley Series in Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law)

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  • 製本 Paperback:紙装版/ペーパーバック版/ページ数 600 p.
  • 言語 ENG
  • 商品コード 9780470844618
  • DDC分類 363.254

基本説明

Focuses in particular on aspects of vulnerability, confabulation and false confessions.

Full Description

This volume, a sequel to The Psychology of Interrogations, Confessions and Testimony which is widely acclaimed by both scientists and practitioners, brings the field completely up-to-date and focuses in particular on aspects of vulnerability, confabulation and false confessions.

The is an unrivalled integration of scientific knowledge of the psychological processes and research relating to interrogation, with the practical investigative and legal issues that bear upon obtaining, and using in court, evidence from interrogations of suspects.


* Accessible style which will appeal to academics, students and practitioners
* Authoritative integration of theory, research, practical implications and vivid case illustration
* Coverage of topical issues like confabulation, false memory, and false confessions
Part of the Wiley Series in The Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law

Contents

About the Author xiii

Series Preface xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgements ix

Introduction 1

Part I Interrogations and Confessions

1 Interrogation Tactics and Techniques 7

Police Training Manuals 7

The Reid Technique 10

The Format and Recording of the Confession 21

The Context of the Interrogation 24

American Research on Interrogation 31

How Things Can Go Wrong During Interrogation 34

Conclusions 36

2 Interrogation in Britain 38

Irving's Studies 39

Softley's Study 43

Walsh's Study 43

Research at the University of Kent 44

Baldwin's Study 48

British Training Manuals 51

Conclusions 55

3 Persons at Risk during Interviews in Police Custody: the Royal Commission Studies 57

The 1993 Royal Commission Study by Gudjonsson and Colleagues 58

Who Confesses? 69

Detainees' Legal Rights 71

General Conclusions 73

4 The Identification and Measurement of 'Oppressive' Police Interviewing Tactics in Britain 75
John Pearse and Gisli H. Gudjonsson

Background to the Research 75

The Cases Analysed 77

Methodology 79

Interview Tactics 80

Suspects' Responses 83

Methodological Issues 85

Statistical Procedures 86

Application of the Framework to Individual Cases 87

The Heron Murder Case 96

The Miller Murder Case 106

Court Outcome 112

Conclusions 114

5 Why do Suspects Confess? Theories 115

Factors Inhibiting Confession 115

Theoretical Models of Confession 117

Conclusions 128

6 Why do Suspects Confess? Empirical Findings 130

How Important are Confessions? 130

How Commonly do Suspects Confess? 133

Factors Associated with Admissions and Denials 140

Self-Report Studies into Why Suspects Confess 151

Conclusions 156

7 Miscarriages of Justice and False Confessions 158

Miscarriages of Justice 158

Studies of Miscarriages of Justice 159

The Leo-Ofshe Study 164

Some Notorious British Cases 166

Conclusions 172

8 The Psychology of False Confession: Research and Theoretical Issues 173

Definitions of False Confession 174

The Frequency of False Confessions 174

False, Retracted and Disputed Confessions 178

The Innocent Pleading Guilty 184

The Broader Context of False Confessions 186

The Causes of False Confessions 193

Theoretical Implications of the Different Types of False Confession 197

The Ofshe-Leo Model of Confessions 203

Differences between True and False Confessions 208

A Proposed Modified Framework 211

Recovered Memory and False Confession 212

Conclusions 215

9 The Psychology of False Confession: Case Examples 217

Voluntary False Confessions 218

Pressured-Compliant False Confessions 224

Pressured-Internalized False Confessions 233

Conclusions 242

Part II Legal and Psychological Aspects

10 The English Law on Confessions 247

The Admissibility and Reliability of Confession Evidence 248

The Voire Dire 258

Issues Affecting Vulnerable Defendants 259

The Admissibility of Expert Evidence 275

Conclusions 281

11 The American Law on Confessions 283
Gisli H. Gudjonsson and Lorca Morello

The Basic Law of Confessions 283

Voluntariness and Mentally Vulnerable Suspects 288

Challenging a Confession in Court 293

Differences between English and American Law and Practice 304

Conclusions 306

12 The Psychological Assessment 308

The Assessment Framework 309

Psychological Vulnerabilities 316

Learning Disability as a Vulnerability 320

The Court Report and Oral Evidence 327

Conclusions 330

13 Suggestibility: Historical and Theoretical Aspects 332

Theoretical Approaches 334

Some Characteristics of Suggestion and Suggestibility 335

Brief Historical Background to Suggestibility 336

The Classification of Suggestibility 338

Theories of Suggestibility 340

Reinforcement and Suggestibility 343

Suggestibility: a State or a Trait? 343

Definition of Interrogative Suggestibility 344

The Gudjonsson-Clark Theoretical Model 347

Implications of the Model and Hypotheses 352

External Evaluation of the Model 353

Conclusions 358

14 Interrogative Suggestibility: Empirical Findings 360

The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales 361

Suggestibility and Hypnotic Susceptibility 368

Compliance 370

Acquiescence 376

Correlations between Suggestibility, Compliance and Acquiescence 378

Suggestibility and Gender 379

Suggestibility and Ethnic Background 380

Suggestibility and Age 380

Suggestibility and Intelligence 381

Suggestibility and Memory 384

Suggestibility and Anxiety 385

Suggestibility and Impulsivity 388

Suggestibility and the MMPI-2 389

Suggestibility and Sleep Deprivation 389

Suggestibility: Dissociation and Fantasy Proneness 390

Suggestibility and Instructional Manipulation 391

Suggestibility and the Experimenter Effect 392

Suggestibility and Social Desirability 394

Suggestibility and Coping Strategies 395

Suggestibility and Assertiveness 396

Suggestibility and Self-Esteem 396

Suggestibility and Locus of Control 398

Suggestibility and Field Dependence 399

Suspiciousness and Anger 400

Suggestibility and Test Setting 402

Suggestibility and Previous Convictions 403

Police Interviewing and Suggestibility 403

Resisters and Alleged False Confessors 404

Suggestibility and False Confessions 407

Suggestibility and Eyewitness Testimony 410

Suggestibility and Recovered Memory 411

Conclusions 412

15 The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol upon the Reliability of Testimony 415

The Extent of the Problem 416

Theoretical Perspectives 418

The Effects of Intoxication and Withdrawal 421

The Effects of Alcohol Withdrawal on Interrogative Suggestibility 428

False Confessions to Murder by a Heroin Addict 430

Conclusions 432

Part III British Court of Appeal Cases

16 The Court of Appeal 437

The Beginning of Expert Psychological Testimony 440

Conclusions 441

17 The 'Guildford Four' and the 'Birmingham Six' 445
Gisli H. Gudjonsson and J. A. C. MacKeith

The Guildford Four 445

The Birmingham Six 452

Conclusions 456

18 Psychological Vulnerability 458

Engin Raghip—The Beginning: Landmark Decision for Psychology 458

Jacqueline Fletcher—Unidentified Borderline Intelligence 468

Judith Ward—Personality Disorder 470

David MacKenzie—Inability to Distinguish Facts from Fantasy 472

Idris Ali—Pathological Lying 473

George Long—Clinical Depression 476

Patrick Kane—Anxiety and Compliance 479

Andrew Evans—Misdiagnosed Psychogenic Amnesia 482

John Roberts—Abnormal Compliance 492

Ashley King—Abnormal Suggestibility and Compliance 493

Darren Hall—Disorder in the Absence of a Psychiatric Diagnosis 495

Ian Hay Gordon—Exploitation of Sexuality 499

Peter Fell—Poor Self-Esteem 506

Conclusions 512

19 Police Impropriety 514

Stephen Miller 515

Alfred Allen (the 'UDR Four') 517

The Carl Bridgewater Case 519

Derek Bentley 520

Conclusions 522

20 Misleading Special Knowledge 523

Stefan Kiszko 523

The Darvell Brothers 530

Donald Pendleton 533

Conclusions 537

Part IV Foreign Cases of Disputed Confessions

21 Four High Profile American Cases 541

Waneta Hoyt 541

Joe Giarratano 550

Henry Lee Lucas 554

John Wille 563

General Conclusions 572

22 Canadian and Israeli Cases 573

A Canadian Case of Non-Custodial Interrogation 573

An Israeli Terrorist Case 582

General Conclusions 589

23 Murder in Norway: a False Belief Leading to a False Confession 590

Background to the Case 590

Pre-Trial (1997) Psychological Evaluation 594

The First Trial 595

The Psychological Evaluation Prior to the Appeal 596

Interviews with Informants 602

Mr A's Strengths and Vulnerabilities 605

The Interrogation and Confinement 606

Repression and Psychogenic Amnesia 608

The Appeal 609

Conclusions 611

Conclusions 615

General Comments and Conclusions 615

Interrogation 619

Psychological Vulnerability 621

True Confessions 622

Retracted and False Confessions 623

Appendix 628

References 631

Author Index 663

Subject Index 672