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In and nearby the Japanese islands, many Neogene hydrothermal ore deposits have been formed from middle Miocene to present, and many subaerial and submarine active geothermal systems occur. Many summary works were published on the Kuroko deposits during the 1970s and 1980s; none were published in English. This study summarizes previous works on Kuroko and epithermal vein-type deposits in and around Japan. By integrating geological, mineralogical and geochemical data on the Kuroko-type and epithermal precious and base metal vein-type deposits, genesis and depositional mechanism are discussed. Temporal and spatial relationship between two types of deposits and evolution of tectonics and hydrothermal systems associated with the mineralizations during Neogene age are also considered and a geochemical, geological and mineralogical summary of active subaerial and submarine back arc basin hydrothermal systems and mineralizations is also given. The characteristic features of above-active subaerial and submarine hydrothermal systems are compared with fossil hydrothermal systems associated with epithermal vein-type and Kuroko-type deposits and the causes for the differences in the characteristic features are considered. Paleozoic-Mesozoic volcanogenic stratiform Cu-deposits (Besshi-type deposits) are compared with those of midoceanic ridge deposits and Kuroko-type deposits. Hydrothermal and volcanic gas fluxes from submarine back arc basins and island arc are also estimated. These fluxes are compared with midoceanic ridge hydrothermal fluxes, particularly the influences of this flux on global long-term carbon cycle and climate change in Tertiary-Quaternary ages are discussed.
