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Full Description
Most of our knowledge about the physical structure and the chemical composition of the Earth's deep interior is inferred from seismic data. The interpretation of seismic waves generally follows the assumption that the Earth's physical structure is grossly layered and that fluctuations of the physical parameters within individual layers are smooth in structure and small in magnitude. While this view greatly facilitates the analytic and interpretative procedure, it is clearly at odds with evidence from outcrops and boreholes, which indicates that compositional, structural and petrophysical heterogeneity in the Earth prevails over a wide range of scales.
This book is the first to unify three different views of crustal and upper mantle heterogeneity. It brings together the geological view, which is derived from the analysis of crustal exposures and deep boreholes; the stochastic view, which attempts to find order and structure in these seemingly chaotic data; and the seismological view, which considers the end product of the complex interaction of seismic energy with the heterogeneous structure at depth. John Goff and Klaus Holliger have compiled chapters that explore and quantify the relationship between geological and petrophysical heterogeneity and its seismic response, and use seismic data to probe the fabric of the Earth's interior. Geologists, geostaticians, and geophysicists alike will benefit from the integrative perspective presented in Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle: Nature, Scaling, and Seismic Properties, making this text an unparalleled reference for professionals and students in Earth science fields.
Contents
1. Ductile Instabilities and Structural Heterogeneity in the Lower Crust.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Geological Example: Mt. Hay Region, Arunta Block, Central Australia.- 1.3. Structural Heterogeneity and Competency Contrast.- 1.4. Mechanical Instabilities: The Link Between Competency Contrast, Patterns of Deformation, and Heterogeneity.- 1.5. High Strain and the Destruction of the Structures that Record Mechanical Instabilities.- 1.6. Interpretation of Complexly Deformed Rocks: Mt. Hay Region, Australia.- 1.7. Summary.- 1.8. Appendix.- 1.9. References.- 2. Petrological Causes of Seismic Heterogeneity in the Continental Crust.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Crustal Composition and Compositional Evolution.- 2.3. Rock Properties.- 2.4. Seismic Heterogeneity of Igneous Rocks.- 2.5. Seismic Heterogeneities of Metamorphic Rocks.- 2.6. Anisotropy.- 2.7. Results from Boreholes.- 2.8. Reflectivity.- 2.9. Conclusions.- 2.10. References.- 3. Seismic Modeling of Lower and Mid-Crustal Structure as Exemplified by the Massiccio dei Laghi (Ivrea-Verbano Zone and Serie dei Laghi) Crustal Section, Northwestern Italy.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Summary of the Regional Geology.- 3.3. Deterministic Forward Seismic Modeling.- 3.4. Discussion.- 3.5. Conclusions.- 3.6. References.- 4. Comparison of Geologic and Seismic Structure of the Uppermost Fast-Spreading Oceanic Crust: Insights From a Crustal Cross-Section at the Hess Deep Rift.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Tectonic Window at the Hess Deep Rift.- 4.3. Geology of the Uppermost Oceanic Crust at Hess Deep.- 4.4. Interpretation of Upper Crustal Geology and Implications for Processes at the EPR.- 4.5. Physical Properties of Upper Crustal Rock Units.- 4.6. Correlation of Geologic Units and Seismic Layers.- 4.7. Conclusions.- 4.8. References.- 5. A Generic Model for the 1/f-Nature of Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Stochastic Nature of Fault-Induced Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.3. Generalized Model for 1/f-Scaling of Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.4. Hyperbolic Scaling in Space.- 5.5. Empirical Evidence: Joint Interpretation of the KTB Lithology and Sonic Logs.- 5.6. Conclusions.- 5.7. References.- 6. Fractures and Physical Heterogeneity in Crustal Rock.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Power Law Scaling in Crustal Fracture Systems.- 6.3. Physical Analogues for Power-Law Scaling in Crustal Rock.- 6.4. Modeling Power-Law Scaling Crustal Fracture Systems.- 6.5. Discussion: Reservoir Modeling.- 6.6. Conclusions.- 6.7. References.- 7. Statistical Characterization of Spatial Variability in Sedimentary Rock.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Reproducible Statistical Features of Sedimentary Rock.- 7.3. Statistical Models for Spatial Variability.- 7.4. Comparison with Data.- 7.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 7.6. References.- 8. Multifractal Modeling and Analyses of Crustal Heterogeneity.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Construction and Properties of Multifractals.- 8.3. Multifractal Analyses of Borehole Logs and Fracture Patterns.- 8.4. Conclusions.- 8.5. Appendix.- 8.6. References.- 9. Seismic Imaging of Lower Crustal Heterogeneity.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Effects of Acquisition.- 9.3. Effects of Processing.- 9.4. Effects of the Transmission Path.- 9.5. Discussion.- 9.6. Conclusions.- 9.7. References.- 10. The Heterogeneity of the Crust and its Effect on Seismic Wide-Angle Reflection Fields.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. The Evolution of our Perception of the Structure of the Earth's Crust.- 10.3. Seismic Wide-Angle Reflection Record Sections.- 10.4. Discussion.- 10.5. Conclusions.- 10.6. References.- 11. Heterogeneities of the Uppermost Mantle Inferred From Controlled-Source Seismology.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Studies of Lithospheric Scattering.- 11.3.Pn/SnWave Propagation.- 11.4. Modeling the Long-RangePn.- 11.5. Discussion and Conclusions.- 11.6. References.- 12. The Nature of Crustal Seismic Heterogeneity: A Case Study From the Grenville Province.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Geologic Heterogeneity: Description, Sources and Scales.- 12.3. Spatial Bandwidth, Noise and Spatial Properties of the Reflection Wavefield.- 12.4. Spatial Attribute Mapping.- 12.5. Crustal Heterogeneity in the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec.- 12.6. Discussion.- 12.7. References.- 13. Spatial Coherences of Seismic Data and the Application to Characterization of Stochastic Heterogeneities.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. Observations on Amplitude and Phase Fluctuations and their Coherences.- 13.3. Theoretical Basis of Coherence Analysis and Inversion.- 13.4. Inversion for Statistical Characteristics of Earth Heterogeneities.- 13.5. Conclusions.- 13.6. References.
