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Full Description
In order to adapt the properties of living materials to their biological functions, nature has developed unique polyelectrolytes with outstanding physical, chemical and mechanical behavior. Namely polyampholytes can be suitable substances to model protein folding phenomenon and enzymatic activity most of biological macromolecules due to the presence of acidic and basic groups. The ability of linear and crosslinked amphoteric macromolecules to adopt globular, coil, helix and stretched conformations and to demonstrate coil-globule, helix-coil phase transitions, and sol-gel, collapsed expanded volume changes in relation to internal (nature and distribution of acid and base substituents, copolymer composition, hydrophobicity etc. ) and external (pH, temperature, ionic strength of the solution, thermodynamic quality of solvents etc. ) factors is very important and constantly attracts the attention of theorists and experimentalists because the hierarchy of amphoteric macromolecules can repeat, more or less, the structural organization of proteins. That is why polyampholytes fall within eyeshot of several disciplines, at least polymer chemistry and physics, molecular biology, colloid chemistry, coordination chemistry and catalysis. The main purpose of this monograph is to bridge the gap between synthetic and natural polymers and to show a closer relationship between two fascinating worlds. The first chapter of the book acquaints the readers with synthetic strategy of "annealed", "quenched" and "zwitterionic" polyampholytes. Radical copolymerization, chemical modification and radiation-chemical polymerization methods are thoroughly considered. Kinetics and mechanism of formation of random, alternating, graft, di-block or tri-block sequences is discussed. The second chapterdeals with behavior of polyampholytes in solutions.
Contents
1. SYNTHESIS OF LINEAR AND CROSSLINKED POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 1.1 ANNEALED POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 1.2. QUENCHED POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 1.3. POLYAMPHOLYTES WITH BETAINE ZWITTERIONIC STRUCTURE.- 1.4. CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF PREFORMED POLYMERS.- 1.5. SYNTHESIS OF POLYAMPHOLYTE GELS.- 1.6. REFERENCES.- 2. BEHAVIOR OF POLYAMPHOLYTES IN SOLUTIONS.- 2.1. THEORY OF AMPHOTERIC POLYELECTROLYTES.- 2.2. ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERIC COPOLYMERS.- 2.3. HYDRODYNAMIC, CONFORMATIONAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 2.4. COLLOID-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 2.5. AMPHOTERIC BEHAVIOR OF INTERPOLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES AND MEMBRANES.- 2.6. REFERENCES.- 3. COMPLEXES OF AMPHOTERIC POLYELECTROLYTES.- 3.1. COORDINATION COMPLEXES OF POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 3.2. INTERACTION OF POLYAMPHOLYTES WITH IONIC DETERGENTS, DYES AND ORGANIC PROBES.- 3.3. INTERPOLYMER COMPLEXES OF POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 3.4. POLYAMPHOLYTE-PROTEIN COMPLEXES.- 3.5. ADSORPTION OF POLYAMPHOLYTES AT THE INTERFACES.- 3.6. "ISOELECTRIC EFFECT" OF POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 3.7. REFERENCES.- 4. PROPERTIES OF POLYAMPHOLYTES WITH BETAINE STRUCTURE.- 4.1. CARBO-, SULFO- AND PHOSPHOBETAINES.- 4.2. ZWITTERIONIC "POLYSOAPS".- 4.3. REFERENCES.- 5. STIMULI-SENSITIVE POLY AMPHOLYTE GELS AND MEMBRANES.- 5.1. PH- AND SALT SENSITIVITY.- 5.2. THERMAL AND SOLVENT SENSITIVITY.- 5.3. DC-SENSITIVITY.- 5.4. AMPHOTERIC MEMBRANES.- 5.5. REFERENCES.- 6. CATALYSIS BY POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 6.1. HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS.- 6.2. DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND OXIDATIVE REACTIONS.- 6.3. POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL MONOMERS INITIATED BY POLYMERIC BETAINES.- 6.4. REFERENCES.- 7. APPLICATION OF POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 7.1. DESALINATION OF WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION.- 7.2. DRAG REDUCTION.- 7.3. POLYAMPHOLYTES AS THICKENING, VISCOSIFICATION, AND WATER ABSORBENCYAGENTS.- 7.4. RECOVERY OF TRANSITION METAL IONS.- 7.5. BIODEGRADABLE AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE POLYAMPHOLYTES.- 7.6. REFERENCES.- 8. CONCLUSION.
