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Full Description
Design by Contract is a systematic approach to specifying and implementing object-oriented software elements based on precisely defined obligations between them. This is the first practical, example-centered guide to using Design by Contract. The authors introduce powerful design principles for writing good contracts and supporting guidelines -- and demonstrate those principles with real-world Java and Eiffel code examples. They review the fundamentals of Design by Contract -- preconditions, postconditions and invariants -- and presenting a real-world example. Next, drawing on their unparalleled experience with Design by Contract, they present six powerful design principles -- each with a clear statement of goals, rationale, examples in both Java and Eiffel, and supporting notes. Developers will learn how to strengthen their components' internal support for contracts; how to use contracts to specify subclasses whose objects can safely be substituted for superclass objects; how to extend contract to specify and check properties that remain unchanged; and how to use contracts in analysis-level models.The book concludes by summarizing key principles and presenting a realistic cost/benefit analysis of their use.
Contents
Foreword. Preface. 1. A First Taste of Design by Contract. About This Chapter. The Customer Manager Example. Some Questions. A Contract for CUSTOMER_MANAGER. The Story So Far. Runtime Checking. Trustworthy Documentation. Summary. An Aide Memoire. Things to Do. 2. Elementary Principles of Design by Contract. About This Chapter. Stacks. Separate Commands and Queries. Naming Conventions. Separate Basic Queries and Derived Queries. Specify How Commands Affect Basic Queries. Capture Unchanging Properties in Invariants. The Class and Its Contract. The Basic Queries Are a Conceptual Model of Stacks. The Six Principles. Things to Do. 3. Applying the Six Principles. About This Chapter. Dictionaries. Separating and Categorizing Features. Postconditions. Preconditions. Invariant. A Complete, Contract-Level View of DICTIONARY. Summary. Things to Do. 4. Building Support for Contracts-Immutable Lists. About This Chapter. Support for Linear Structures. Contracts Involve Expressions. Immutable Lists. A Contract for Immutable Lists. The Basic Queries. The Creation Command. The Derived Query Count. The Derived Query Preceded_by. The Derived Query Item. The Derived Query is_equal. The Derived Query Sublist. Summary. Things to Do. 5. Applying the Six Principles to QUEUE. About This Chapter. Queues. A Contract for the Remove Feature. Making Count a Derived Feature. A Contract for the Initialize Feature. A Contract for the Head Feature. A Contract for the put Feature. More Derived Queries. Summary. Things to Do. 6. Design by Contract and Inheritance. About This Chapter. Superclasses and Subclasses. Redefining Contracts. Eiffel Syntax. Summary. Invariants and Inheritance. Designing Superclasses with Guarded Postconditions. Two Kinds of Inheritance. Summary. Things to Do. 7. Frame Rules. About This Chapter. Change Specifications and Frame Rules. Frame Rules for put Using Immutable Lists. Frame Rules for put Using "Forall". Kinds of Frame Rules. Things to Do. Appendix: More About the Preprocessor. 8. Benefits of Design by Contract. About This Chapter. Kinds of Benefits. Better Designs. Improved Reliability. Better Documentation. Easier Debugging. Support for Reuse. Design by Contract and Defensive Programming. Defending a Program Against Unwanted Input. Bulletproofing a Routine. Defensive Programming. Some Costs and Limitations of Contracts. 9. Contracts for an Observer Framework. About This Chapter. The Observer Framework. Immutable Sets. Attaching and Detaching Observers. Notification (For One Observer). Notification (For All Observers). A Performance Issue. Frame Rules. Privacy. Things to Do. 10. Fulfilling a Precondition. About This Chapter. The Examples. Fulfilling and Testing a Precondition. Testing Versus Checking. A Simple Counter Class. The User's View of the Program. The Internal Structure of the Program. The Program's Behavior. A Minor Detail. Summary. Things to Do. 11. Java Examples. About This Chapter. Why Java? Queues. The Basic Query size(). The Basic Query get(). The Derived Query head(). The Derived Query isEmpty(). The Derived Query shallowCopy(). The Constructor Queue. The Command put. The Command remove. Summary. Dictionaries. Names. The Invariant. The Basic Queries. A Derived Query. The Commands. The Constructor. A Possible Set of Classes. Java Without iContract. Precondition Testing. Things to Do. 12. Analysis by Contract. About This Chapter. A Use Case. Contracts in Analysis Models. A Contract for the withdrawCash Use Case. From Analysis to Design. Problem Domain and System Models. The Object Constraint Language. Summary. Bibliography. Index. 0201634600T10102001
