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Full Description
This book is an innovative contribution to the growing comparative field of environmental history. Beinart's major theme is the history of conservationist ideas in South Africa. He focuses largely on the livestock farming districts of the semi-arid Karoo and the neighbouring eastern Cape grasslands, conquered and occupied by white settlers before the middle of the nineteenth century. The Cape, like Australia, became a major exporter of wool. Vast numbers of sheep flooded its plains and rapidly transformed its fragile natural pastures. Cattle also remained vital for ox-wagon transport and internal markets. Concerns about environmental degradation reached a crescendo in the early decades of the twentieth century, when a Dust Bowl of kinds was predicted, and formed the basis for far-reaching state intervention aimed at conserving natural resources. Soil erosion, overstocking, and water supplies stood alongside wildlife protection as the central preoccupations of South African conservationists.
The book traces debates about environmental degradation in successive eras of South African history. It offers a reinterpretation of South Africa's economic development, and of aspects of the Cape colonial and South African states. It expands the understanding of English-speaking South Africans and their role both as farmers and as protagonists of conservationist ideas. The book is also a contribution to the history of science, exploring the way in which new scientific knowledge shaped environmental understanding and formed a significant element in settler intellectual life. It paints an evocative picture of the post-conquest Karoo, analysing the impact of self-consciously progressive farmers and officials in their attempts to secure private property, curtail transhumance and kraaling, control animal diseases, enhance water supplies, eradicate jackals, destroy alien weeds such as the prickly pear, and combat drought. It concludes by analysing conservationist interventions in the African areas, and discussing evidence for a stabilization of environmental conditions over the longer term.
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements ; Lists of Figures, Illustrations, Tables, and Maps ; Introduction: Livestock Farming and Environmental Regulation at the Cape ; 1. Scientific Travellers, Colonists, and Africans: Chains of Knowledge and the Cape Vernacular, 1770-1850 ; 2. Defining the Problems: Colonial Science and the Origins of Conservation at the Cape 1770-1860 ; 3. Fire, Vegetation Change, and Pastures 1860-1880 ; 4. Vets, Viruses, and Environmentalism in the 1870s and 1880s ; 5. Water, Irrigation, and the State 1880-1930 ; 6. The Night of the Jackal: Sheep, Pastures, and Predators 1890-1930 ; 7. Drought, Conservation, and Nationalism: the Career of H. S. du Toit 1900-1940 ; 8. Prickly Pear in the Cape: Useful Plants and Invaders in the Livestock Economy 1890-1950 ; 9. 'The Farmer as a Conservationalist': Sidney Rubidge at Wellwood, Graaff-Reinet 1913-1952 ; 10. Debating Conservation in the African Areas of the Cape 1920-1950 ; 11. Postscript: Debating Degradation over the Long Term: Animals, Veld, and Conservation ; Bibliographical Note ; Select Bibliography of Secondary Sources ; Index
