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基本説明
Offers a set of guidelines regarding how to reform land policies.
Full Description
Land is a fundamental productive asset in agrarian economies. The rules that codify access to land and the way jurisdiction over land is distributed among members of a community have a powerful influence over how efficiently land is used, the incidence of poverty, and the level of inequality in the community. Yet we observe that much of the land in less developed countries is underutilized and/or misused from a sustainability standpoint, that lack of access to land or unfavorable terms of access remain a fundamental cause of poverty, and that unmet demands for land can be a source of political destabilization. At the same time, there presently exist unusual opportunities to reopen the issue of access to land. They include an increasing concern with the efficiency costs of inequality in land distribution, devolution of common property resource management to users, large scale redefinitions of property rights in the context of transition economies in Eastern and central Europe and the end of white rule in South Africa, liberalization of land markets, mounting pressure to deal with environmental issues, the proliferation of civil society organizations voicing the demands of the rural poor, and more democratic and decentralized forms of governance.
There are many channels of access to land and each of these affects how land is used. While much attention has traditionally been given to state-led redistributive land reforms, this is only one among a variety of options, and currently not the easiest to manage politically. Other channels include inheritance and inter-vivos transfers, intra-household and intra-community land allocations, community titling of open access resources, the distribution of common property resources and the individualization of rights, decollectivization, land markets and land market-assisted land reforms, and land rental contracts. This book analyzes each of these channels of access to land, and recommends ways of making them more effective for poverty reduction.
Contents
1. Access to land and Land Policy Reforms ; 2. Impartible Inheritance Versus Equal Division: A Comparative Perspective Centered on Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa ; 3. Intrahousehold Access to Land and Source of Inefficiency: Theory and Concepts ; 4. Land Rights and Natural Resource Management in the Transition to Individual Ownership: case Studies from Ghana and Indonesia ; 5. The Puzzle of Counterproductive Property Rights Reform: A Conceptual Analysis ; 6. Case Study. Property Rights: Access to Land and Forest Resources in Uganda ; 7. Devolution of Control of Common-Pool Resources to Local Communities: Experiences in Forestry ; 8. Access to Land via Land Rental Markets ; 9. Case Study. Regulating the Sharecropping System: Operation Barga ; 10. Land market Liberalization and the Agrarian Question in Latin America ; 11. The Changing Role of the State in Latin American Land Reforms ; 12. Case Study. Grassroots-Initiated Land reform in Brazil: The Rural Landless Workers' Movement ; 13. Negotiated Land Reform as One Way of Land Access: Experiences from Colombia, Brazil, and South Africa ; 14. Transition form Collective Farms to Individual Tenures in Central and Eastern Europe ; 15. Case Study. The Dramatic Rise of Individual Farming in Albania: Causes and Effects ; 16. Case Study. Post-Communist Land Reform and Changes in Tenure in the Czech Republic ; 17. The Evolution of the World Ban's Land Policy
