Full Description
Teaching by PrinciplesH. Douglas Brown is a widely acclaimed methodology text used in teacher education programs around the world. This user-friendly textbook offers a comprehensive survey of practical language teaching options, all firmly anchored in accepted principles of language learning and teaching. End-of-chapter exercises give readers opportunities to process material interactively. Suggested readings direct readers to important books and articles in the field. This second edition of Teaching by Principles features information about such current topics as strategies-based instruction, form-focused instruction, and critical pedagogy and social responsibility; a completely revised section on language assessment; and expanded references.
Contents
Preface PART I. FOUNDATIONS FOR CLASSROOM PRACTICE Chapter 1 Getting StartedA Classroom ObservationBeneath the Lesson Topics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 2 A "Methodical" History of Language TeachingApproach, Method, and TechniqueChanging Winds and Shifting SandsThe Grammar Translation MethodGouin and the Series MethodThe Direct MethodThe Audiolingual MethodCognitive Code Learning"Designer" Methods of the Spirited Seventies Community Language Learning Suggestopedia The Silent Way Total Physical Response The Natural ApproachBeyond Method: Notional-Functional SyllabusesTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 3 The Present: An Informed "Approach"An Enlightened, Eclectic ApproachCommunicative Language Teaching Learner-Centered Instruction Cooperative and Collaborative Learning Interactive Learning Whole Language Education Content-Based Instruction Task-Based InstructionTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 4 Teaching by PrinciplesCognitive Principles Automaticity Meaningful Learning The Anticipation of Reward Intrinsic Motivation Strategic InvestmentAffective Principles Language Ego Self-Confidence Risk-Taking The Language-Culture ConnectionLinguistic Principles The Native Language Effect Interlanguage Communicative CompetenceTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 5 Intrinsic Motivation in the ClassroomDefining Motivation A Behavioristic Definition Cognitive DefinitionsIntrinsic and Extrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Motivation in EducationIntrinsic Motivation in the Second Language ClassroomTopics for Discussion, Action, and 6 Learner Variables I: Teaching Across Age LevelsTeaching Children Intellectual Development Attention Span Sensory Input Affective Factors Authentic, Meaningful LanguageTeaching AdultsTeaching TeensTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 7 Learner Variables II: Teaching Across Proficiency LevelsDefining Proficiency LevelsTeaching Beginning LevelsTeaching Intermediate LevelsTeaching Advanced LevelsTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 8 Sociopolitical and Institutional ContextsSociopolitical ContextsSecond and Foreign Language ContextsEnglish as an International LanguageLanguage Policy IssuesInstitutional Contexts Elementary and Secondary Schools Institutions of Higher EducationTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading PART III. DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING CLASSROOM LESSONS Chapter 9 Techniques, Textbooks, and TechnologyTechniques RedefinedCategorizing Techniques: A Bit of HistoryA Taxonomy of TechniquesTextbooksOther Written TextsTechnology in the Language ClassroomComputer Assisted Language Learning (CALL)Topics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 10 How to Plan a LessonFormat of a Lesson PlanGuidelines for Lesson PlanningSample Lesson PlanTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 11 Interactive Language Teaching I: Initiating InteractionWhat Is Interaction?Interactive PrinciplesRoles of the Interactive TeacherForeign Language Interaction AnalysisQuestioning Strategies for Interactive LearningTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 12 Interactive Language Teaching II: Sustaining Interaction through Group WorkAdvantages of Group WorkExcuses for Avoiding Group WorkImplementing Group Work in Your Classroom Selecting Appropriate Group Techniques Planning Group Work Monitoring the Task DebriefingTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 13 Classroom ManagementThe Physical Environment of the ClassroomYour Voice and Body LanguageUnplanned Teaching: Midstream Lesson ChangesTeaching Under Averse CircumstancesTeachers' Roles and StylesCreating a Positive Classroom ClimateTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 14 Strategies-Based InstructionStrategic InvestmentGood Language LearnersStyles of Successful Language LearningDeveloping Student Self0awareness of StylesHow to Teach Strategies in the Classroom"Packaged" Models of SBITopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading PART IV. TEACHING LANGUAGE SKILLS Chapter 15 Integrating the "Four Skills"Why Integration?Content-Based InstructionTheme-Based InstructionExperiential LearningThe Episode HypothesisTask-Based TeachingTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 16 Teaching ListeningListening Comprehension in Pedagogical ResearchAn Interactive Model of Listening ComprehensionTypes of Spoken LanguageWhat Makes Listening Difficult?Microskills of Listening ComprehensionTypes of Classroom Listening PerformancePrinciples for Designing Listening TechniquesListening Techniques from the Beginning to AdvancedTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 17 Teaching SpeakingOral Communication Skills in Pedagogical ResearchTypes of Spoken LanguageWhat Makes Speaking Difficult?Microskills of Oral CommunicationTypes of Classroom Speaking PerformancePrinciples for Designing Speaking TechniquesTeaching ConversationTeaching PronunciationA Model for Correction of Speech ErrorsTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 18 Teaching ReadingResearch on Reading a Second LanguageTypes of Written LanguageCharacteristics of Written LanguageMicroskills for Reading ComprehensionStrategies for Reading ComprehensionTypes of Classroom Reading PerformancePrinciples of Designing Interactive Reading TechniquesTwo Reading LessonsTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 19 Teaching WritingResearch on Second Language WritingTypes of Written LanguageCharacteristics of Written Language: A Writer's ViewMicroskills for WritingTypes of Classroom Writing PerformancePrinciples for Designing Writing TechniquesEvaluating Student WritingTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 20 Form-Focused InstructionThe Place of GrammarTo Teach or Not to Teach GrammarIssues About How to Teach GrammarGrammar TechniquesGrammar Sequencing in Textbooks and CurriculaA "Word" About Vocabulary TeachingTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading PART V. ASSESSING LANGUAGE SKILLS Chapter 21 Language Assessment I: Basic Concepts in Test DevelopmentWhat Is a Test?PracticalityReliabilityValidity Content Validity Face Validity Construct ValidityKinds of TestsHistorical Developments in Language TestingLarge-Scale Language Proficiency TestingOral Proficiency TestingCritical Language Testing: Ethical IssuesTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading Chapter 22 Language Assessment II: Practical Classroom ApplicationsAssessing, Testing, and TeachingRecent Developments in Language TestingPrinciples for Designing Effective Classroom TestsSome Practical Steps to Test ConstructionAlternative Assessment Options Self- and Peer-Assessments Journals Conferences Portfolios Cooperative Test ConstructionAssessment and Teaching: partners in the Learning ProcessTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading PART VI. LIFELONG LEARNING Chapter 23 Continuing Your Teacher EducationPeak PerformanceThe "Good" Language TeacherClassroom ObservationClassroom ResearchTeacher Collaboration: Learning from Each OtherCritical PedagogyAgents for ChangeTopics for Discussion, Action, and ResearchFor Your Further Reading BibliographyName IndexSubject Index
