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This fourteenth edition of "Annual Editionsstudents an understanding of the diversity and complexity of the developing world and acquaints them with the challenges that nations confront as the post-cold war era progresses. Some of the issues discussed are: peace and security, international trade, the debt crisis, and the environment. This title is supported by the student website.
Contents
UNIT 1. Understanding the Developing World 1. The Great Divide in the Global Village, Bruce R. Scott, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2001 While globalization offers developing countries the potential for progress, several factors prevent their ability to take advantage of this opportunity. Wealthy countries restrict immigration and protect their domestic markets. Poor countries have a difficult time attracting investment owing to weak institutions and reliance on primary products. 2. The Poor Speak Up, Rana Foroohar, Newsweek International, February 11, 2002 Developing countries are uniting in their efforts to extract concessions from the industrialized countries, especially concerning trade issues. Shifting coalitions of developing countries are taking a pragmatic approach on issues that are important to them. 3. Institutions Matter, but Not for Everything, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Finance & Development, June 2003 The West has placed increasing emphasis on the importance of institutions to development. Economist Jeffrey Sachs argues that while institutions matter, other factors play a role in generating economic development. Focusing on fighting disease, enhancing agriculture, and building infrastructure in poor countries would have a bigger impact on reducing poverty than institutions and governance. 4. Development as Poison: Rethinking the Western Model of Modernity, Stephen A. Marglin, Harvard International Review, Spring 2003 The West's conception of development emphasizes markets and assumes that following its lead will result in development. In reality, Western culture undermines indigenous culture, especially that of community. The West should realize that the values underlying its culture are not necessarily universal. 5. Why People Still Starve, Barry Bearak, New York Times Magazine, July 13, 2003 The persistence of starvation, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, can be attributed to several factors. This profile of the Malawi shows that poverty, corruption, climatic conditions, the global economy, and aid conditionality have contributed to the problems of malnutrition and famine. 6. Putting a Human Face on Development, Rubens Ricupero, International Social Science Journal, UNESCO 2000 Rubens Ricupero notes that in the past too much emphasis was placed on macroeconomics without sufficient attention to inequality, the environment, sustainability, and the role of women, indigenous peoples, and minorities. A new paradigm must take into account the critical economic role of information, which is crucial to prosperity in developing countries. UNIT 2. Political Economy and the Developing World 7. The Free-Trade Fix, Tina Rosenberg, New York Times Magazine, August 18, 2002 Proponents claim that globalization is the solution to poverty in the developing world. To enjoy its benefits, poor countries are pressured to adopt policies designed to promote economic growth. Tina Rosenberg questions the rules of international trade, which she contends are stacked against the poor countries. She offers nine new rules to govern globalization and improve the lives of the poor in the developing world. 8. Trading for Development: The Poor's Best Hope, Jagdish Bhagwati, The Economist, June 22, 2002 While acknowledging that the industrial countries maintain barriers against certain imports from developing countries, Jagdish Bhagwati maintains that poor countries hurt themselves through their own protectionism. He also faults the industrialized countries' preferential trade arrangements with the poorest countries, calling instead for reduction in trade barriers, coupled with technical and financial assistance. 9. Rich Nations' Tariffs and Poor Nations' Growth, Shweta Bagai and Richard Newfarmer, The World & I, June 2003 Renewed interest in foreign aid after the September 11, 2001, attacks has brought pledges to increase aid. While more aid is desirable, lowering tariff barriers in the industrialized countries would do a great deal more to alleviate poverty. Poor countries face higher tariffs on agricultural goods and textiles, two of their key exports. Moreover, higher tariffs for value added goods and agricultural subsidies for producers in industrialized countries further disadvantage the poor. 10. Unelected Government, Ngaire Woods, Brookings Review, Spring 2003 The IMF and the World Bank have become involved in a much wider range of tasks in the developing world. The voting and governance structures reflect the early goals of the institutions, but as conditionality has broadened the Fund and Bank's involvement in poor countries, accountability has not kept pace. Recent efforts to increase the institutions' accountability are a start, but more steps are required. 11. The IMF Strikes Back, Kenneth Rogoff, Foreign Policy, January/February 2003 The IMF has been harshly criticized for its policies in the developing world. Among the charges are that the Fund imposes stringent austerity, that IMF loans encourage reckless investment, that the Fund's advice during crises aggravates economic problems, and that the Fund has pushed countries to open up to volatile capital flows. The director of the Fund's research department refutes these criticisms. 12. Ranking the Rich, Foreign Policy, May/June 2003 The Center for Global Development and Foreign Policy developed the Commitment to Development Index ranking rich countries on aid, trade, investment, migration policy, contribution to peacekeeping, and the environment. The data show that the smaller industrialized countries rank higher than the G-7 countries and strongly suggest that the larger rich countries must do more to help the poor. 13. Eyes Wide Open: On the Targeted Use of Foreign Aid, David Dollar, Harvard International Review, Spring 2003 Since September 11, 2001, efforts to alleviate poverty through foreign aid have gotten a boost. World Bank official David Dollar argues that foreign aid can be made more effective by targeting it toward countries with stronger institutional settings and sound policy making. Aid cannot substantially influence local institutions, nor can a blueprint be adopted in all cases. Aid should encourage local learning and enhance the ability of poor countries to evaluate options rather than set conditions on 14. The Cartel of Good Intentions, William Easterly, Foreign Policy, July/August 2002 Western governments have recently pledged to increase foreign aid, but the benefits might not reach those who need them the most. William Easterly claims that the foreign aid bureaucracy demonstrates little cooperation among aid agencies, emphasizes quantity of aid over quality, duplicates efforts, favors high-profile projects, and advocates unreachable goals at the expense of modest improvements. 15. The WTO Under Fire, The Economist, September 20, 2003 The September 2003 WTO meeting in Cancun collapsed amid disagreements between rich and poor countries over the scope of the negotiations and agricultural subsidies. Poor countries charged that the wealthy countries were not serious about eliminating subsidies and that the industrialized countries wanted to expand the talks to include competition, investment, transparency in government procurement, and trade facilitation. There are fears that multilateral trade liberalization is in jeopardy. 16. Playing Dirty at the WTO, Mark Lynas, The Ecologist, June 2003 Although the WTO is a democratic organization in practice, the wealthy countries have greater influence on decision making. Delegates from the developing world are often excluded from negotiating sessions and then pressured to agree to documents hammered out in these sessions. Poor countries' representatives are also often outnumbered by delegates from the industrialized countries and lack the resources to effectively participate in the negotiations. UNIT 3. Conflict and Instability 17. The Market for Civil War, Paul Collier, Foreign Policy, May/June 2003 Civil conflict is often associated with ethnic diversity, but a new study suggests that the roots of this conflict lie in poverty and the struggle for control of natural resources. While resource-related conflict may take on ethnic dimensions, the underlying issue is often control of valuable resources. To combat this problem the international community should target the financing of rebels, encourage effective governance, deploy effective peacekeeping missions, and promote economic reform and growt 18. Engaging Failing States, Chester A. Crocker, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2003 Former assistant secretary of state for Africa Chester Crocker argues that failing states represent a serious security threat and a critical battleground in the war on terrorism. State failure can generate not only internal conflict and humanitarian crises but also regional insecurity. These conditions also provide the cover for terrorists to operate. The United States and its allies must pay greater attention to this problem. 19. Progressing to a Bloody Dead End, The Economist, September 13, 2003 The road map to peace in the Middle East appears headed for a dead end. Palestinian suicide bombings and Israeli retaliation, targeting Palestinian activists, have raised tensions to a new height. Recently appointed Palestinian prime minister Mahmoud Abbas has resigned citing his lack of support from Palestinian president Yassir Arafat and the failure of the United States to pressure Israel to make further concessions. 20. An Indian 'War on Terrorism' Against Pakistan?, Kanti Bajpai, Dissent, Summer 2003 Tensions between India and Pakistan have been heightened by terrorist attacks in India and threatened retaliation against Pakistan for its support of Kashmiri rebels. Kanti Bajpai examines India's military options and concludes that following the U.S. lead in the war on terror and engaging in preemptive action would be both dangerous and ineffective. 21. The Terror War's Next Offensive, Shawn W. Crispin and Jeremy Wagstaff, Far Eastern Economic Review, August 28, 2003 Southeast Asia represents another front in the war on terrorism. The bombings in Indonesia and the arrest of an Islamic militant in Thailand demonstrate this security threat in the region. While Indonesia and Thailand are taking steps to combat this threat, there are fears that they may use security as an excuse to crack down on more than Islamic radicals. 22. Mugabe's End-Game, Alan Martin, Maclean's, August 18, 2003 President Robert Mugabe has pushed Zimbabwe closer to chaos. The economy is shrinking faster than any other in the world, unemployment is rampant, and his policy of pushing white farmers off the land has contributed to a decline in food production. Mugabe is widely thought to have stolen last year's election and relies on intimidation to retain power. He faces a well-organized opposition and has hinted he may step down, but his opponents doubt this. 23. Tashkent Dispatch: Steppe Back, Robert Templer, The New Republic, August 18 & 25, 2003 As part of the effort to battle terrorism, the United States has forged closer links with Uzbekistan but the relationship may do more harm than good. Uzbekistan's president, Islam Karimov, has cracked down on Muslims, concentrated wealth and power, and mismanaged the economy. These conditions have produced popular discontent and may facilitate the spread of extremism. 24. North Korea: The Sequel, Bruce Cumings, Current History, April 2003 The recent crisis involving North Korea's nuclear weapons program is a replay of a similar crisis in the early 1990s. The solution to this most recent event is the same as in the previous crisis. The United States must recognize North Korea, promise not to target the North with nuclear weapons, and provide aid and investment. In return, North Korea must halt its weapons program and decommission its medium- and long-range missiles. 25. Blaming the Victim: Refugees and Global Security, Gil Loescher, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 2002 Conflict inevitably forces people across borders in search of safety. Refugees face harsh conditions in camps where their security is often also at risk. Rather than being perceived as victims, refugees are frequently viewed as security threats by host states. Moreover, host states also see refugees as impediments to peace and economic development and a further source of communal tensions. UNIT 4. Political Change in the Developing World 26. Democracies: Emerging or Submerging?, Anthony W. Pereira, Dissent, Winter 2001 Despite the global advance of democracy, many so-called democracies are struggling or are fronts for nondemocratic leaders. In some cases, people appear to prefer authoritarian leaders; in others, elections produce dictatorial leaders. Several factors, including a mature economy, a functioning bureaucracy, and consensus of the population appear necessary for democratic success. 27. Two Theories, The Economist, September 13, 2003 Views differ as to the seriousness of the threat political Islam poses to the West. Optimists say that the appeal of radical Islam is fading and being replaced with a more pragmatic, democratically oriented approach. Pessimists believe the influence of radical Islam has grown despite their failure to take control of more governments and that their pragmatic stance masks their true agenda. 28. Not a Dress Rehearsal, The Economist, August 16, 2003 Afghanistan was meant to be an experiment in rebuilding a failed state. Much rests on the success of this effort for both Afghans and the West. The results so far are mixed. Some say that the country is more stable than it has been in a long time, with a government confirmed by a traditional assembly and a constitution being drafted. But others point out that security remains weak outside the capital, warlords continue to control many regions, poverty remains widespread, and drug production ha 29. One Country, Two Plans, Marina S. Ottaway, Foreign Policy, July/August 2003 The U.S. military occupation of Iraq leaves the United States caught between the conflicting objectives of establishing a functioning democracy in Iraq and quickly turning government control over to the Iraqis. Establishing democracy in Iraq is complicated by a lack of democratic tradition, while ceding control, although imperative to reducing opposition to the occupation, depends on the creation of effective security. 30. Iran's Crumbling Revolution, Jahangir Amuzegar, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2003 Iran's hard-line cleric rulers face an increasing challenge especially from Iranians who were born after the 1979 revolution. Economic, political, and social problems are mounting, and Iran's religious leaders lack effective solutions to these issues. The United States has designated Iran a part of the "axis of evil" and has suggested that a regime change would be welcome. Such a change should result from internal dynamics, not outside intervention. 31. New Hope for Brazil?, Stanley Gacek, Dissent, Spring 2003 In October 2002 Brazilians elected a new president, Luiz Ignacio Lula da Silva. Lula is a former trade union leader who has pledged to reduce poverty and inequality and create jobs. He is opposed to an extension of the Free Trade Area of the Americas and is regarded by conservatives as a potentially dangerous leftist although he heads a coalition government. 32. Latin America's New Political Leaders: Walking on a Wire, Michael Shifter, Current History, February 2003 Economic upheaval in Latin America has generated substantial public dissatisfaction and a search for leaders who can produce economic gains and confront social problems. Recent elections have raised citizens' expectations, but the effects of globalization and U.S. reaction to their policies pose significant challenges. 33. The Many Faces of Africa: Democracy Across a Varied Continent, Joel D. Barkan, Harvard International Review, Summer 2002 Democracy has progressed at a varied pace throughout Africa. Joel Barkan identifies five categories of states, ranging from consolidated and semiconsolidated democracies to aspiring democracies, semiauthoritarian, nondemocratic with little likelihood of transition, and states mired in civil conflict. The prospects for democracy in Africa are shaped by its poverty, reliance on agriculture, the multiethnic diversity of most countries, and the role of the state. 34. NGOs and the New Democracy: The False Saviors of International Development, Sangeeta Kamat, Harvard International Review, Spring 2003 The rapid rise in the number of NGOs was seen as a positive development by both liberals and conservatives. These organizations are regarded as agents of democratization, but their purpose has shifted, bringing them into the role of professional oversight of development projects funded by international financial institutions. As a result, NGOs have become less engaged in empowerment and consciousness-raising. UNIT 5. Population, Development, Environment, & Health 35. The Population Implosion, Nicholas Eberstadt, Foreign Policy, March/April 2001 Declining fertility rates, an aging population, and rapidly decreasing life expectancy in some regions will lead to serious demographic shifts. Migration patterns may change as the need for workers in aging societies rises. The effects of HIV/AIDS are also likely to have a substantial impact on population in many developing countries. 36. Local Difficulties, The Economist, July 6, 2002 Environmental degradation affects poor countries in a variety of ways. Environmental factors account for about one-fifth of all diseases in such countries. There is also a complex relationship between trade and environment in such countries. The effort to improve environmental conditions must rely on local initiatives as well as on increased aid from industrialized countries, which often have different priorities than the developing countries do. 37. A Dirty Dilemma: The Hazardous Waste Trade, Zada Lipman, Harvard International Review, Winter 2002 The export of hazardous waste from industrialized to developing countries represents a serious health and environmental risk for recipient countries. The Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste Exports is a start to dealing with the problem, but it does not adequately define hazardous waste or provide for important recycling of waste by developing countries. Industrialized countries should also provide the necessary technology to safely reprocess both imported and domestically generated waste. 38. 'Undoing the Damage We Have Caused', Horst Rutsch, UN Chronicle, Number 4, 2002 The World Summit on Sustainable Development held in 2002 was a 10-year review of the 1992 Earth Summit. Negotiators acknowledged that while globalization provided new opportunities, the costs and benefits were unevenly distributed. Moreover, the global environment continues to suffer. The Summit adopted an Implementation Plan, which aims to make progress on alleviating poverty, improving access to safe drinking water, and reducing infant and maternal mortality. 39. Withholding the Cure, N. A. Siegal, The Progressive, September 2003 Millions of people around the world are at risk of dying from diseases for which drug therapies exist. Large pharmaceutical companies hold the patents and are wary of allowing generic manufacture of these drugs to reduce the cost for the world's poor. They argue that generic manufacture might make these drugs too widely available and reduce drug companies' profitability. UNIT 6. Women and Development 40. Empowering Women, Lori S. Ashford, Population Bulletin, March 2001 Progress toward the goals established at the Cairo and Beijing conferences has been slow. Gender differences contribute to a high poverty rate among women and a lack of health resources, education, and employment. Increased employment and educational opportunities, as well as greater participation in politics, could lead to enhanced status for women. 41. Women & Development Aid, Ritu R. Sharma, Foreign Policy In Focus Brief, September 17, 2001 While significant benefits accrue to social and economic development when the status of women is enhanced, women still head the majority of the world's poor families. Despite efforts like the 1973 Percy Amendment and the 1996 Gender Plan of Action, a recent study found that USAID has not promoted or implemented foreign aid policies that have an impact on gender roles. 42. Women Waging Peace, Swanee Hunt and Cristina Posa, Foreign Policy, May/June 2001 There is a growing recognition regarding the vital role that women can play in resolving conflicts around the world. International organizations have strengthened participation of women in peacemaking activities, but women still lag behind in policy, military, and diplomatic efforts. 43. The True Clash of Civilizations, Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, Foreign Policy, March/April 2003 The World Values Survey provides data that indicate the real "clash of civilizations" between Muslim and non-Muslim societies takes place on gender issues. Taking into account differences in economic and political development, there is little difference in support for democracy between Muslims and non-Muslims. When it comes to views of gender equality, however, the gap between Islam and the West widens substantially. 44. Out of Madness, a Matriarchy, Kimberlee Acquaro and Peter Landesman, Mother Jones, January/February 2003 The 1994 genocide in Rwanda left the country devastated. Some 60 percent of the remaining population is female, and women have had to assume roles denied to them in the past. Becoming businesswomen, legislators, and local political leaders, these women are changing the traditional gender roles while helping the country recover from its nightmare.
