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Full Description
The city of Sheffield has long been synonymous with cutlery and steel, and most previous books have understand ably concentrated on the momentous changes which industrialisation brought to the area over the last two hundred years. This was a period when manufacturing handicrafts and industry were central to almost every aspect of life and work in the area. The figures are astonishing: as early as the seventeenth century three out of every five men in the town worked in one branch or another of the cutlery trades and, in all, Sheffield had a smithy to every 2.2 houses; a hundred years later there were as many as six watermills per mile on rivers such as the Don, Porter and Rivelin, driving a wide range of industrial machinery and processes. Local innovations included Old Sheffield Plate, crucible steel and stainless steel. During the mid-nineteenth century 60 per cent of all British cutlers worked in the Sheffield area, and the region manufactured 90 per cent of British steel, and nearly half the entire European output; small, specialised workshops producing a wide range of goods such as edge-tools and cutlery existed side by side with enormous steel factories (it has been estimated that in 1871 Brown's and Cammell's alone exported to the United States about three times more than the whole American output). Yet, as David Hey shows, the city's history goes back way beyond this. Occupying a commanding position on Wincobank, high above the River Don, are the substantial remains of an Iron Age hillfort, built to defend the local population. Celts, Vikings and Anglo-Saxons came and left a legacy recalled in many local names. By the twelfth century William de Lovetot had built a castle at the confluence of the Don and the Sheaf, and it is likely that it was he who founded the town of Sheffield alongside his residence. A century later can be found the first reference to a Sheffield cutler, so industry in the area can be said to be at least 700 years old, and no doubt stretches back even further. Highly respected local historian David Hey has written a fine, up-to-date history of Sheffield. His excellent text is complemented by over 300 illustrations, many in full colour. The text of this new edition has been updated to 2010, and contains new illustrations.
Contents
Preface vii Introduction 1 1 The earliest settlements 6 The evidence of archaeology and place-names 6 The Domesday Book 12 The Lovetots and the Furnivals 14 The beginnings of industry 23 The people of Sheffield in the Middle Ages 24 2 Hallamshire under the Talbots, earls of Shrewsbury 27 The lords of the manor 27 The town 37 Population 41 Farming and industry 45 Local government 49 Religion 51 The Civil War 53 3 'A town of considerable note for its manufactures' 55 The Dukes of Norfolk 55 The town 60 Population 74 Cutlery 77 Iron and steel 86 Old Sheffield Plate 93 Other industries 97 Communications 99 Politics and religion 103 4 From town to borough 113 The town 113 Public health 132 Communications 139 The rural parts of the parish 142 Cutlery 146 Steel 154 Iron 158 Tools 160 Other trades 162 The poor 169 Newspapers 171 Politics and religion 172 The 1841 census for Sheffield 181 5 Steel city and cutlery capital 185 Steel 187 Cutlery 200 Tool-making and other industries 213 The town centre 220 Western suburbs 229 Working-class housing and public health 235 Entertainment and aspirations 243 6 The modern city 259 Between the wars 259 Industry 259 The city 264 The Second World War 269 Since the Second World War 272 The city centre 273 Housing 276 Cutlery 280 Tools 284 Steel 286 Regeneration 290 Education, religion and recreation 300 Bibliography and acknowledgements 306 Index 308
