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Full Description
This volume comprises normal tables (description of normal development) for protozoa and invertebrates widely used in developmental biology studies. The species chosen reflect their advantages for laboratory studies, the information avail able, and their availability for experimentation. Chapter 11, which contains the normal tables for the starfish Asterina pectinifera, was written specially for this edi tion, which is the invertebrate section of the revised and augmented translation of Ob"ekty Biologii Razvitiya published in Russian in 1975 as a volume in the series of monographs Problemy Biologii Razyitiya (Problems of Developmental Biology) by Nauka Publishers, Moscow. The description of every species is preceded by an introduction in which the advantages of working with the particular animal are stated and the problems stud ied (with the main references) are outlined. Data are also provided on its taxonomic status and distribution of the animal, and conditions of keeping the adult animals in laboratory. Methods of obtaining gametes, methods of artificial fertilization, meth ods of rearing embryos and larvae, and tables of normal development are also given.
Contents
1 Amoeba and Other Protozoa.- 1.1. Introduction: Protozoa in Developmental Biology.- 1.2. Amoeba and Related Species.- 1.3. Taxonomy.- 1.3.1. Strains and Mutants.- 1.4. Habitats.- 1.5. Culture Conditions.- 1.6. Reproduction.- References.- 2 The Green Flagellate Chlamydomonas.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Taxonomy.- 2.3. Cell Structure and Differentiation during the Life Cycle.- 2.4. Intraspecies Diversity - Mutants.- 2.5. Methods Used to Grow Cells and Modify Their Differentiation.- 2.5.1. Media.- 2.5.2. Culture Conditions.- 2.5.3. Synchronization Methods.- 2.6. Use of Mutants for Analyzing Cell Differentiation.- References.- 3 Hydra and Hydroid Polyps.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Species Used.- 33. Distribution and Collection.- 3.4. Culture Conditions for Hydra.- 3.4.1. Conditions for Obtaining Cultures with a Controlled Reproduction Rate.- 3.5. Development of Buds in Freshwater Hydra.- 3.6. Conditions Leading to Sexual Reproduction.- 3.7. Gametogenesis.- 3.7.1. Spermatogenesis.- 3.7.2. Oogenesis.- 3.8. Development of the Hydra Embryo.- 3.9. Keeping Marine Hydroid Polyps under Laboratory Conditions.- 3.10. Developmental Stages of the Vegetative Buds of Obelia loveni.- 3.11. Developmental Stages of the Vegetative Buds of Dynamena pumila.- References.- 4 The Sludgeworm Tubifex.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Taxonomy and Distribution.- 4.3. Ecology and Culture.- 4.4. Reproduction.- 4.5. Gametes and Fertilization.- 4.6. Culture of Embryos.- 4.7. Normal Development.- 4.8. Description of Stages.- References.- 5 The Common Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Taxonomy and Distribution.- 5.3. Ecology and Culture.- 5.4. Reproduction and Stimulation of Oviposition.- 5.5. Gametes.- 5.5.1. Eggs.- 5.5.2. Spermatozoa.- 5.6. Culture of Embryos.- 5.7. Rate of Development and Its Dependence on Temperature.- 5.8. Normal Development.- 5.9. Description of Stages of Normal Development.- References.- 6 The Midge Chironomus thummi.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Taxonomy and Distribution.- 6.3. Reproductive Biology and the Main Features of the Life Cycle.- 6.4. Culture.- 6.5. Normal Development.- 6.6. Characteristic Features of the Larval Instars.- 6.6.1. Gonads.- 6.6.2. Salivary Glands.- 6.7. Prepupa and Pupa.- 6.7.1. Prepupa.- 6.7.2. Pupa.- References.- 7 The Fruit Fly Drosophila.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Taxonomy.- 7.3. Distribution and Collection.- 7.4. Manipulation and Culture.- 7.4.1. Anesthetization.- 7.4.2. Inspection of Flies.- 7.4.3. Nutrient Medium.- 7.4.4. Temperature.- 7.5. Sexual Dimorphism and Culturing.- 7.6. Gametogenesis.- 7.6.1. Spermatogenesis.- 7.6.2. Mature Spermatozoon.- 7.6.3. Oogenesis.- 7.6.4. The Egg.- 7.7. Fertilization.- 7.7.1. Oviposition.- 7.7.2. Collecting Eggs.- 7.8. Normal Development.- 7.8.1. Embryonic Development.- 7.8.2. Postembryonic Development.- References.- 8 The Honeybee Apis mellifera L..- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Taxonomy and the Number of Chromosomes.- 8.3. Castes and Colony Development.- 8.3.1. The Queen.- 8.3.2. Worker Bees.- 8.3.3. Common (Haploid) Drones.- 8.3.4. Diploid Drones.- 8.3.5. Living Conditions in the Beehive: Cell and Honeycomb.- 8.3.6. Colony and Individual.- 8.3.7. The Annual Cycle of Colony Development: Basics of Care.- 8.4. Gametes.- 8.4.1. Structure of Eggs.- 8.4.2. Structure of Spermatozoa and Method of Collection.- 8.5. Fertilization, Artificial Insemination, and Mosaicism.- 8.5.1. Fertilization.- 8.5.2. Artificial Insemination.- 8.5.3. Mosaics and Gynandromorphs.- 8.6. Obtaining and Incubating Developing Eggs.- 8.7. Normal Embryonic Development.- 8.8. Larval Development.- 8.9. The Prepupa and Pupa of the Worker Bee.- References.- 9 The Silkworm Bombyx mori.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Taxonomy and Distribution.- 9.3. Life Cycle and the Gene Pool.- 9.4. Culture.- 9.4.1. Obtaining Synchronously Developing Eggs.- 9.4.2. Larvae and Pupae.- 9.4.3. Adults.- 9.4.4. Sexual Dimorphism.- 9.5. Gametes, Insemination, Fertilization, and Parthenogenesis.- 9.6. Stages of Normal Embryonic Development.- 9.7. Stages of Normal Post-Embryonic Development.- References.- 10 The Sea Urchins Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis, S. nudus, and S. intermedius.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Taxonomic Distribution and Conditions of Spawning.- 10.2.1. S. dröbachiensis.- 10.2.2. S. nudus.- 10.2.3. S. intermedius.- 10.3. Transportation and Care of Adult Animals.- 10.4. Obtaining Mature Gametes and Immature Oocytes.- 10.4.1. Obtaining Oocytes.- 10.5. Structure of the Egg.- 10.6. Artificial Fertilization.- 10.6.1. Some Practical Recommendations.- 10.7. Incubation of Embryos.- 10.7.1. Further Recommendations.- 10.8. Normal Development.- 10.8.1. General Characteristics.- 10.8.2. Description of Stages.- 10.9. Typical Developmental Defects.- 10.10. Some Experimental Models.- 10.10.1. Eggs and Embryos without the Vitelline Membrane.- 10.10.2. Activated Eggs.- 10.10.3. Embryos without the Hyaline Layer.- 10.10.4. Disaggregated Cells of Embryos and Larvae.- 10.10.5. Dwarf and Twin Embryos.- 10.10.6 Stratified and Fragmented Eggs and Embryos.- 10.10.7. Animalized Embryos.- 10.10.8. Removal and Regeneration of Cilia.- References.- 11 The Starfish Asterina pectinifera (Müller et Troschel, 1842).- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Taxonomic Status, Distribution, and Breeding in Nature.- 11.3. Transport and Keeping Adults in Captivity.- 11.4. Sex Identification, Obtaining of Gametes, and Artificial Fertilization.- 11.5. Egg Structure, Removal of Egg Envelopes, and Isolation of Germinal Vesicles.- 11.6. Incubation of Embryos.- 11.7. Rearing of Larvae.- 11.8. Development of Embryos and Larvae.- References.
