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In The Environment and the People in American Cities, Dorceta E. Taylor provides an in-depth examination of the development of urban environments, and urban environmentalism, in the United States. Taylor focuses on the evolution of the city, the emergence of elite reformers, the framing of environmental problems, and the perceptions of and responses to breakdowns in social order, from the seventeenth century through the twentieth. She demonstrates how social inequalities repeatedly informed the adjudication of questions related to health, safety, and land access and use. While many accounts of environmental history begin and end with wildlife and wilderness, Taylor shows that the city offers important clues to understanding the evolution of American environmental activism.Taylor traces the progression of several major thrusts in urban environmental activism, including the alleviation of poverty; sanitary reform and public health; safe, affordable, and adequate housing; parks, playgrounds, and open space; occupational health and safety; consumer protection (food and product safety); and land use and urban planning. At the same time, she presents a historical analysis of the ways race, class, and gender shaped experiences and perceptions of the environment as well as environmental activism and the construction of environmental discourses. Throughout her analysis, Taylor illuminates connections between the social and environmental conflicts of the past and those of the present. She describes the displacement of people of color for the production of natural open space for the white and wealthy, the close proximity between garbage and communities of color in early America, the cozy relationship between middle-class environmentalists and the business community, and the continuous resistance against environmental inequalities on the part of ordinary residents from marginal communities.
Contents
Figures, Tables, and Boxes ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
Part I. The Condition of the City 41
1. The Evolution of the City 43
2. Epidemics, Cities, and Environmental Reform 69
Part II. Reforming the City 113
3. Wealthy Urbanites: Fleeing Downtown and Privatizing Green Space 115
4. Social Inequality and the Quest for Order in the City 131
5. Data Gathering as a Mechanism for Understanding the City and Imposing Order 181
6. Sanitation and Housing Reform 199
Part III. Urban Park, Order, and Social Reform 221
7. Conceptualizing and Framing Urban Parks 223
8. Elite Ideology, Activism, and Park Development 251
9. Social Class, Activism, and Park Use 296
10. Contemporary Efforts to Finance Urban Parks 338
Part IV. The Rise of Comprehensive Zoning 365
11. Class, Race, Space, and Zoning in America 367
12. Land Use and Zoning in American Cities 380
Part V. Reforming the Workplace and Reducing Community Hazards 405
13. Workplace and Community Hazards 407
14. The Industrial Workplace 446
Conclusion 501
Notes 507
Index 603
