Full Description
Tens of thousands of Indian children filed through the gates of government schools to be trained as United States citizens. Part of a late-nineteenth-century campaign to eradicate Native cultures and communities, these institutions became arenas where whites debated the terms of Indian citizenship, but also where Native peoples resisted the power of white schooling and claimed new skills to protect and redefine tribal and Indian identities. In "White Man's Club", schools for Native children are examined within the broad framework of race relations in the United States for the first time. Jacqueline Fear-Segal analyzes multiple schools and their differing agendas and engages with the conflicting white discourses of race that underlay their pedagogies. She argues that federal schools established to Americanize Native children did not achieve their purpose; instead they progressively racialized American Indians.A far reaching and bold account of the larger issues at stake, "White Man's Club" challenges previous studies for overemphasizing the reformers' overtly optimistic assessment of the Indians' capacity for assimilation, and contends that a covertly racial agenda characterized this educational venture from the start. Asking the reader to consider the legacy of nineteenth century acculturation policies, "White Man's Club" incorporates the life stories and voices of Native students and traces the schools' powerful impact into the twenty-first century. Fear - Segal draws upon a rich array of source material. Traditional archival research is interwoven with analysis of maps, drawings, photographs, the built environment, and supplemented by oral and family histories. Creative use of new theoretical and interpretive perspectives brings fresh insights to the subject matter.
Contents
Introduction; PrologueTheories, Motives, Responses 1. White Theories: Can the Indian be Educated?; 2. Native Views: "A new road for all the Indians" II. Indian Country: Education in the West 3. Mission Schools: Precursors of a System4. Educational Ventures III. White America: Education in the East Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute - 5. Samuel Chapman Armstrong: Educator of Backward Races; 6. Thomas Wildcat Alford: Shawnee Educated in Two Worlds Carlisle Indian Industrial School; 7. Richard Henry Pratt: National Universalist; 8. Carlisle Campus: Landscape of Race and Erasure; 9. Man-on-the-Band-Stand: Surveillance, Concealment, and Resistance; 10. Indian School Cemetery: Telling Remnants IV. Modes of Cultural Survival 11. Kesetta: Memory and Recovery; 12. Susie Rayos Marmon: Storytelling and Teaching Epilogue: Powwow 2000: Cultural Survival as Performance
