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Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System summarizes and explains the standards of CIE colorimetry in one comprehensive source.
Presents the material in a tutorial form, for easy understanding by students and engineers dealing with colorimetry.
Provides an overview of the area of CIE colorimetry, including colorimetric principles, the historical background of colorimetric measurements, uncertainty analysis, open problems of colorimetry and their possible solutions, etc.
Includes several appendices, which provide a listing of CIE colorimetric tables as well as an annotated list of CIE publications.
Commemorates the 75th anniversary of the CIE's System of Colorimetry.
Contents
Preface xvii
Contributors and Referees xxi
Part I Historic retrospection
1 Translation of CIE 1931 Resolutions on Colorimetry 1
Translated by P. Bodrogi
Decision 1 1
Decision 2 4
Appendix to Decision 2 5
Decision 3 5
Decision 3a 8
Decision 4 8
Decision 5 8
2 Professor Wright's Paper from the Golden Jubilee Book: The Historical and Experimental Background to the 1931 CIE System of Colorimetry 9
W. D. Wright
Color mixture and measurement in the Nineteenth Century 9
American contributions to photometry and colorimetry, 1900-24 11
The run-up to the 1931 observer: 1924-30 12
The drama of 1931 17
Postscript to 1931 21
Note added in proof 22
References 22
Part II Colorimetric Fundamentals
3 CIE Colorimetry 25
János Schanda
Introduction 25
CIE standard colorimetric observers 27
The CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer 29
Determination of the r( λ), g(λ), b( λ) color-matching functions 29
Derivation of the CIE XYZ trichromatic system from the CIE RGB trichromatic system 29
Tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates 31
CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer 35
k10 in the tristimulus values of self-luminous objects for the 10 observer 36
k10 in the tristimulus values of non-self-luminous objects for the 10 observer 36
Chromaticity coordinates for the 10 observer 37
Notes on the use of the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer 37
CIE illuminants and sources 37
CIE standard illuminant A and Planckian radiators 38
Daylight illuminants 40
CIE standard illuminant D 65 42
CIE illuminants 43
CIE sources and simulators for colorimetry 44
Source A 44
Sources B and c 45
Source D 65 45
Standards and recommendations for measuring reflecting/transmitting materials 47
Terms used in conjunction with transmission and reflection measurement 47
Phenomena 47
Quantities to describe reflection and transmission 48
Measuring geometries 49
The sample plane and influx geometry 50
Directional geometries 54
Quantities using different measuring geometries 55
Nonstandard geometries 55
Recommended geometry for transmission measurements 55
Standards of reflectance 57
Uniform chromaticity diagram and uniform color spaces 58
Uniform chromaticity diagram, CIE 1976 UCS diagram 59
CIE 1976 uniform color spaces 60
CIE 1976 (L*a* b*) color space, CIELAB color space 61
Cie 1976 (L* u* v*) Color Space, Cieluv Color Space 64
Descriptors of chromaticity 65
Dominant/complementary wavelength and purity 65
Correlated color temperature 67
Whiteness 68
Metamerism 70
Special metamerism index: change in illuminant 71
Special metamerism index: change in observer 72
Summary 74
Appendix A 74
Appendix B 75
References 76
4 CIE Color Difference Metrics 79
Klaus Witt
Introduction 79
MacAdam's experiments on variable stimuli 80
Adams' and Nickerson's contribution to color difference evaluation 82
Constant stimuli experiments 83
CIE 1976 color difference formulas 84
Testing and improving CIELAB 88
Collection of new datasets 91
Development of CIEDE 2000 91
Further developments 97
References 98
5 Spectral Color Measurement 101
Yoshi Ohno
Introduction 101
General practice in spectral color measurements 102
Type of instruments 102
Use of spectroradiometers for light source color measurement 103
Irradiance mode 104
Radiance mode 105
Total flux mode 106
Colorimetric calculation 107
Use of spectrophotometers for object color measurements 107
Geometries for reflectance color measurement 108
Color calculation 109
Critical parameters of spectrometers for color measurement 109
Sampling interval and bandpass of instruments 109
Sampling interval for object color measurement 110
Effect of bandpass in object color measurement 112
Effect of bandpass and scanning interval in measurement of light sources 112
Wavelength scale error 116
Uncertainties in measured spectral values 118
Stray light in the monochromator 119
Other sources of error 122
Methods for corrections of error 123
Correction of bandpass error 123
ASTM E 308 123
Stearns and Stearns' method 124
Extended method for bandpass correction 125
Summary for bandwidth and scanning interval requirements 127
Correction of stray light 128
Uncertainty analysis 129
Basic steps 130
Numerical method for sensitivity coefficient 131
Acknowledgment 132
References 132
6 Tristimulus Color Measurement of Self-Luminous Sources 135
János Schanda, George Eppeldauer, and Georg Sauter
Introduction 135
Basic structure of a tristimulus colorimeter 136
Input optics of a colorimeter for self-luminous objects 137
Illuminance-meter-type input optics 137
Luminance-meter-type input optics 138
Image-taking colorimeters 139
Spectral matching of the colorimeter 139
Electronics 142
Calibration 142
Calibration with a standard source 142
Calibration based on standard detectors 144
Introduction 144
The spectral responsivity based calibration method 144
Calibration and measurement considerations 145
Transfer of calibration 147
Uncertainty estimation of a tristimulus colorimeter measurement 148
Principle of the tristimulus calibration for a self-luminous object measuring tristimulus instrument 148
Numerical example for a tristimulus calibration 151
Calibration for selected spectral distributions 152
Glossary 154
Basic terms 154
Specific terms 155
References 156
7 Color Management 159
Ján Morovič and Johan Lammens
Introduction 159
Color reproduction objectives 160
Viewing a pair of colors 161
Conceptual stages of color reproduction 163
Device color spaces 164
Device characterization and calibration 165
Color appearance model 166
Color and image enhancement 166
Color gamut mapping 167
Completing the process 168
The ICC color management framework 168
sRGB color management 170
Challenges of color management 171
Does color need to be managed? 172
Analog color management 174
Watercolor reproduction scenario 176
Original to scan 177
Challenges of scanner characterization 178
Scanner characterization models 180
Scanner ICC profiles 181
Scanned watercolor 182
Scan to display 182
Challenges of display characterization 183
Display characterization models and their implementation in profiles 183
Transforming scanned data to data for display 184
Editing and page layout 185
Proofing 188
Proof printer calibration 189
Proof printer characterization 190
Rendering intents for proofing 191
Evaluation of proof prints 192
Challenges and opportunities 193
Poster and leaflet production 194
Future opportunities 195
Self-calibrating and self-profiling devices 195
Workflow automation 196
Automatic adaptation to viewing environment 198
Spatial processing 200
Smart CMMs 200
Multispectral imaging (CIE TC8-07) 202
Conclusion 202
Acknowledgments 202
References 203
8 Color Rendering of Light Sources 207
János Schanda
Introduction 207
The official CIE test sample method of color rendering evaluation 208
Recent investigations to update the color-rendering index calculation 211
Supplementary methods to describe color quality of light sources 213
Summary 214
References 215
Part III Advances in colorimetry
9 Color-Matching Functions: Physiological Basis 219
Françoise Viénot and Pieter Walraven
The link between colorimetry and physiology 219
The definition of cone fundamentals 220
Historical background 220
Decision by CIE 220
Available experimental data 220
State of the art in physiology 220
In vitro measurements 220
The principle of univariance 221
Dartnall nomogram: dilute pigment: effective transmission optical density 221
Available psychophysical measurements 222
Spectral sensitivity functions of dichromats and the König hypothesis 222
Spectral sensitivity functions of isolated cone mechanisms 222
Short description of colorimetric databases 223
Extending colorimetric data from 10 field to any field size from 10 to 1 226
The cone fundamentals 226
Linear transformation that yields the 10 cone fundamentals 227
Validation of cone fundamentals 228
Calculation scheme from dilute photopigment spectral absorbance to color-matching functions, and reverse 228
Lens and other preretinal media 228
Macular pigment 229
Calculation scheme from dilute photopigment spectral absorbance to cone spectral absorbance, and reverse 229
S-cone fundamental from 510 to 615 nm (2 field and 10 field) 231
Extension to any field size 231
The aging observer 232
The calculation of tristimulus values 233
CIE recommendations from CIE and final tables 234
Discussion and perspectives 235
An isoluminant fundamental chromaticity diagram 235
Units and luminous efficiency function 235
The l, s chromaticity diagram 236
A CIE-like chromaticity diagram 237
Individual variations 238
At the receptoral level 238
Postreceptoral processing: weighting L-signals and M-signals for luminance 238
Examples of applications: The future 238
Color vision deficiencies 238
Observer metamerism 239
Color differences 239
Color appearance models 239
Conclusion 240
Acknowledgments 240
References 240
10 Open Problems on the Validity of Grassmann's Laws 245
Michael H. Brill and Alan R. Robertson
Definition of the problem 245
Historical review 246
Theoretical approaches 248
Generalizations of grassmann additivity 248
Theory of transformation of primaries 250
Numerical experiment 251
Summary of the method 251
Results and discussion 252
Conclusion 254
Activities of CIE TC 1-56 254
The future 257
References 258
11 CIE Color Appearance Models and Associated Color Spaces 261
M. Ronnier Luo and Changjun li
Introduction 261
Viewing conditions 262
Stimulus 262
Proximal field 263
Background 263
Surround 263
Adapting field 263
Color appearance datasets 263
Chromatic adaptation transforms 264
Light and chromatic adaptation 264
Physiological mechanisms 264
Chromatic adaptation 264
Development of the CAT02 used in CIECAM 02 266
CIE Color appearance models 268
CIECAM97s 269
Ciecam 02 270
Color appearance phenomena 271
Chromatic adaptation 271
Hunt effect 273
Stevens effect 274
Surround effect 275
Lightness contrast effect 276
Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect 276
Helson-Judd effect 277
Uniform Color Spaces based on CIECAM 02 277
CIECAM02-based color spaces 277
Comparing the performance of the new UCSs with some selected color models 278
Conclusions 280
References 281
Appendix A: chromatic adaptation transform: CAT 02 284
Part 1: Forward Mode 284
Part 2: Reverse Mode 285
Appendix B: CIE color appearance model: CIECAM 02 286
Part 1: The Forward Mode 286
Part 2: The Reverse Mode 291
12 Image Appearance Modeling 295
Garrett M. Johnson and Mark D. Fairchild
Introduction 295
From simple to complex color appearance 296
Image appearance modeling 300
The general iCAM framework for image appearance 301
Specific implementations of image appearance models: high-dynamic range tone-mapping 308
Testing high-dynamic range rendering algorithms 312
An implementation of image appearance for calculating image differences 314
Spatial frequency adaptation 318
Calculating image differences 319
Conclusions and future considerations 320
References 321
13 Spatial and Temporal Problems of Colorimetry 325
Eugenio Martinez-Uriegas
Introduction 325
Radiometry, photometry, colorimetry, and human vision 325
Standards of color: the role of biology and psychophysics 326
Spatial and temporal constraints of colorimetry: a selective overview 329
Spectral, spatial, and temporal dimensions of visible light 329
Classical separation of spatial, temporal, and color vision 330
Two examples of spatial limitations of colorimetry 331
Representation of spatial and temporal properties of visible light 335
Spatial and temporal distributions of visible light 335
Detection and discrimination thresholds 338
Visual multiplexing of spatiotemporal chromatic and achromatic information 340
Developing CSF standards 342
General approach: data-based or theory-based standard 342
Initial results 343
Multiscale colorimetry: a spatiotemporal path forward 345
Example of multiscale image decomposition 345
Scale-shifting conjecture 348
Multiscale colorimetry: a spatiotemporal path forward 348
Summary thoughts 352
References 352
14 The Future of Colorimetry in the CIE 355
Robert W.G. Hunt
Introduction 355
Color matching 355
Color difference 357
Color appearance 359
Sources of funds 362
References 362
Appendix 1 Measurement Uncertainty 365
Georg Sauter
Introduction 365
Definitions and types for the evaluation of uncertainty 366
Definitions of terms 366
Types for the evaluation of uncertainty 367
Model of evaluation of uncertainty 368
Monte Carlo method 369
Model with two or more output quantities 371
Expanded uncertainty 373
Steps for evaluating uncertainty 373
Practical examples 374
Determination of the spectral irradiance of a source 375
Principle of a spectral irradiance measurement 375
Operation of a spectral irradiance standard 376
Mechanical alignments 378
Uncertainty Budget 379
Determination of f1 0 values 383
Uncertainty of f1 0 values with Monte Carlo method 386
References 387
Appendix 2 Uncertainties in SpectralColor Measurement 389
James L. Gardner
Introduction 389
Tristimulus values 390
Uncertainty propagation 392
Tristimulus uncertainties by component 393
Random component effects 394
Systematic component effects 394
Propagation from tristimulus uncertainties to colour-value uncertainties 396
Methods of calculation for color triplets 397
(x,y,Y) color coordinates 397
(u,v,Y) color coordinates 398
(u', y', Y) color coordinates 398
(L *, a*, b*) color coordinates 399
(L*, C*, h) color coordinates (based on a*, b*) 399
(L*, u*, v) Color Coordinates 400
(L*, C*, h) Color Coordinates (based on U*, V*) 401
(L*, s*, h) Color Coordinates (based on U*, V*) 401
Spectral measurement as a transfer 401
Uncertainty of the reference values 402
Relative scaling of the measured spectral values 403
Random scaling components 403
Systematic scaling components 403
Offsets in the spectral values 403
Random offset components 404
Systematic offset components 404
Wavelength errors 404
Random wavelength offsets 405
Systematic wavelength offsets 405
Determining measurement components 405
Background offsets 406
Noise versus drift 406
Source noise 407
Band-limited spectra 407
Wavelength uncertainties 407
Nonlinearity 408
Corrections 408
Conclusion 409
References 409
Appendix 3 Use of CIE Colorimetry in the Pulp, Paper, and Textile Industries 411
Robert Hirschler and Joanne Zwinkels
Introduction 411
Pulp and paper applications 411
Introduction 411
Beneficiaries of CIE colorimetry 413
CIE illuminant C and CIE standard geometry d/ 0 413
Other CIE standard illuminants and standardized light sources 415
CIE color spaces 416
CIE reference standards 416
CIE whiteness and tint equations 418
Harmonized Terminology 419
Driving force in the development of CIE colorimetry 419
Establishment of new CIE technical committees 419
Practical simulator of illuminant D 65 420
Future needs 422
Conclusion 422
Textile applications 423
Introduction 423
CIELAB color space and its derivations 423
Characterization of the buildup of colorants and of colorant combinations 423
Standard Depth (SD) 424
Color difference evaluation 425
Shade sorting, tapering 425
Fastness evaluation 427
Determination of whiteness 427
Recipe formulation 429
Future needs 429
Conclusion 430
References 430
Appendix 4 List of CIE Publications 435
Recommendations 435
Standards 435
Technical committee reports 436
Proceedings of the sessions 441
Discs and other publications 442
Special publications 442
CIE publications on CD-ROM 443
Glossary 445
Index 453
