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基本説明
Chronicles the contributions of scores of psychological thinkers and psychologists-from Pythagoras, Lao-tzu, and Aristotle, to Darwin, Abraham Maslow, B.F. Skinner, and Herbert Simon.
Full Description
Engaging and accessible, this new edition of A History of Psychology chronicles the study of the human mind from ancient times to the present day. Providing a comprehensive introduction to the field, author John Benjafield covers the fascinating history of psychology while also exploring how thinkers and eras are linked to one another. Through precise and clear language, Benjafield chronicles the contributions of scores of psychological thinkers and psychologists-from Pythagoras, Lao-tzu, and Aristotle, to Darwin, Abraham Maslow, B.F. Skinner, and Herbert Simon. The third edition of this acclaimed text integrates the latest scholarship and delivers an up-to-date survey of the theorists whose ideas have shaped, and continue to shape, the study and practice of psychology.
Contents
1. Psychology and History ; Studying the History of Psychology ; The New History of Psychology ; Person or Zeitgeist? ; Ixion's Wheel or Jacob's Ladder? ; The New History of Science ; Feminism and the Psychology of Women ; Psychology as a Social Construction ; Psychological Research as a Social Construction ; Reconciling the 'Old' and 'New' Histories of Psychology ; 2. Touchstones: The Origins of Psychological Thought ; Pythagoras (570-495 BCE) ; Pythagorean Cosmology ; The Pythagorean Opposites ; Pythagorean Mathematics ; Plato (427-347 BCE) ; Pythagoras, Plato, and the Problem of the Irrational ; The Forms ; Lao-tsu (sixth century BCE) ; The Tension between Confucianism and Taoism ; What is Tao? ; The Book of Changes ; Aristotle (384-323 BCE) ; Aristotle's Differences with Plato ; The Nature of Human Action ; Memory ; The Scala Naturae ; St Thomas Aquinas and the Medieval View of the Universe ; 3. Touchstones: From Descartes to Darwin ; Rene Descartes (1596-1650) ; The Body as a Machine ; Isaac Newton (1642-1727) ; The Laws of Motion ; Can Newton's Laws Be Generalized to Psychology? ; The Nature of Colour ; The British Empiricists: John Locke (1602-1704), George Berkeley (1685-1753), and David Hume (1711-1776) ; John Locke ; George Berkeley ; David Hume ; James Mill (1773-1836) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) ; Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) ; Universal Education ; The Importance of Emotion ; The Utopian Tradition in Psychology ; Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) ; Kant's 'Second Copernican Revolution' ; Can Psychology Be a Science like Other Sciences? ; Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ; The Voyage of The Beagle ; The Development of the Theory of Evolution ; Darwin and Psychology ; 4. The Nineteenth-Century Transformation of Psychology ; J.F. Herbart (1776-1841) ; Herbart's Influence on Educational Psychology ; G.T. Fechner (1801-1887) ; Psychophysics ; Experimental Aesthetics ; Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1884) ; Helmholtz and the Nature of Perception ; Ewald Hering (1834-1918) ; Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930) ; The Localization-of-Function Controversy ; The Study of Brain Injuries ; Francis Galton (1822-1911) ; Hereditary Genius ; Eugenics ; Statistics ; Memory ; Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) ; Social Darwinism ; 5. Wundt and His Contemporaries ; Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) ; Investigations in the Laboratory ; Psychophysical Parallelism ; Cultural Psychology ; Wundt's Influence ; Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) ; The Experimental Study of Learning and Remembering ; Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) and the Invention of 'Paired Associates' ; Franz Brentano (1838-1917) ; The Wurzburg School ; 6. William James ; The Principles of Psychology ; Habit ; The Methods and Snares of Psychology ; The Stream of Thought ; The Consciousness of Self ; Attention and Memory ; The Emotions ; Will ; Other Topics ; 7. Freud and Jung ; The Unconscious ; Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) ; Hysteria ; The Project for a Scientific Psychology ; The Interpretation of Dreams ; The Development of the Personality ; The Structure of the Personality ; Religion and Culture ; Freud's Death ; Freud and America ; Freud's Critics within Psychoanalysis ; Freud and Women ; Anna Freud (1895-1982) ; Karen Horney (1885-1952) and the Psychology of Women ; C.G. Jung (1875-1961) ; Jung's Relationship with Freud ; Analytical Psychology ; 8. Structure or Function? ; Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) ; Structuralism ; Titchener's Experimental Psychology ; Titchener and the Imageless-Thought Controversy ; Titchener and the Dimensions of Consciousness ; Titchener's Influence ; Functionalism ; John Dewey (1859-1952) ; Critique of the Reflex Arc Concept ; Dewey's Influence on Educational Practice ; James R. Angell (1869-1949) ; Robert S. Woodworth (1869-1962) ; The S-O-R Framework ; Intelligence Testing ; James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) ; Alfred Binet (1857-1911) ; Intelligence Testing in the United States Army ; What Is 'Intelligence', Anyway? ; Psychology in Business ; Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) ; Elton Mayo (1880-1949) ; Comparative Psychology ; Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) ; Learning as the Formation of Connections ; 9. Behaviourism ; Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) ; Conditioned Reflexes ; Speech ; Temperaments and Psychopathology ; Vivisection and Anti-vivisectionism ; Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1827) ; John B. Watson (1878-1958) ; Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It ; Watson's Psychology ; Emotional, Manual, and Verbal Habits ; Watson and Rosalie Rayner ; Watson's Second Career in Advertising ; Karl S. Lashley (1890-1958) ; Cortical Localization of Function ; The Problem of Serial Order in Behaviour ; B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) ; The Nature of Behaviourism ; Skinner's Radical Behaviourism ; The Behavior of Organisms ; A Case History of Scientific Method ; The 'Baby Tender' ; Teaching Machines ; Skinner's Utopian and Dystopian Views ; 10. Gestalt Psychology and the Social Field ; Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) ; Phi Phenomenon ; The Minimum Principle ; Precursors of Gestalt Psychology ; The Laws of Perceptual Organization ; Productive Thinking ; Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967) ; The Mentality of Apes ; The Concept of Isomorphism ; Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) ; Principles of Gestalt Psychology ; The Growth of the Mind ; Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) and the Emergence of Social Psychology ; The Zeigarnik Effect ; Group Dynamics ; Fritz Heider (1896-1988) ; Leon Festinger (1919-1989) ; Cognitive Dissonance ; Solomon Asch (1907-1996) ; Forming Impressions of Personality ; Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) ; Studies of Obedience ; The Small-World Phenomenon ; Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) ; Organismic Theory ; The Abstract Attitude ; 11. Research Methods ; Philosophy of Science ; Logical Positivism ; Operationism ; Where Did Psychologists Stand? ; Criticisms of Operationism ; Experimental Methods ; Statistical Inference ; R.A. Fisher (1890-1962) ; Fisher's Approach to Designing Experiments ; The Null Hypothesis ; Correlational Methods ; Charles Spearman (1863-1945) ; Cyril Burt (1883-1971) ; The Burt Scandal ; Louis Leon Thurstone (1887-1955) ; Lee J. Cronbach (1916-2001) and 'The Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology' ; Qualitative Research Methods ; 12. Theories of Learning ; Ernest R. Hilgard (1904- 2001) ; E.R. Guthrie (1886-1959) ; Contiguity ; Repetition ; Reward ; One-Trial Learning ; Clark L. Hull (1884-1952) ; The Formal Structure of Hullian Theory ; The Hypothetico-Deductive Method ; Postulates ; Kenneth W. Spence (1907-1967) ; Charles E. Osgood (1916-1991) ; The Semantic Differential ; E.C. Tolman (1886-1959) ; Purposive Behaviour ; Cognitive Maps ; The Place-versus-Response Controversy ; The Verbal Learning Tradition ; Functionalism and Verbal Learning ; Acquisition ; Serial Learning ; The Fate of Verbal Learning ; D.O. Hebb (1904-1985) ; The Emergence of Neuroscience ; The Organization of Behaviour ; Motivation ; Experiments in Sensory Deprivation ; Albert Bandura (1925-) ; Social Learning Theory ; Behavior Modification ; Reciprocal Determinism ; 13. The Developmental Point of View ; G. Stanley Hall (1884-1924) ; The Theory of Recapitulation ; Hall's Life and Career ; Hall's Recapitulationism ; Questionnaires ; Adolescence ; James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) ; Psychology of Mental Development ; Heinz Werner (1890-1964) ; The Comparative Psychology of Mental Development ; Uniformity versus Multiformity ; Continuity versus Discontinuity ; Unilinearity versus Multilinearity ; Fixity versus Mobility ; Microgenesis ; Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Barbel Inhelder (1913-1997) ; Genetic Epistemology ; The Development of Intelligence ; Piaget's Clinical Method ; Stages in the Development of Intelligence ; Piaget as a Structuralist ; Can Development Ever End? ; L.S. Vygotsky (1896-1934) ; Thought and Language ; The Zone of Proximal Development ; Erik H. Erikson (1902-1994) ; Lifespan Developmental Psychology ; Epigenesis ; The Eight Stages ; Eleanor J. Gibson (1910-2002) ; Perceptual Learning ; The Visual Cliff ; Eleanor Gibson on the Future of Psychology ; 14. Humanistic Psychology ; Existentialism ; Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) ; Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) ; Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) ; Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) ; The Emergence of Humanistic Psychology ; Charlotte Malachowski B?hler (1893-1974) ; Rollo May (1909-1994) ; Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970) ; The Hierarchy of Needs ; The Self-actualizing Person ; Peak Experiences ; The Psychology of Science ; Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987) ; Client-Centred Therapy ; Eugene T. Gendlin ; Encounter Groups ; What Happened to Humanistic Psychology? ; George A. Kelly (1905-1967) ; The Psychology of Personal Constructs ; The Repertory Test ; Research in Personal-Construct Theory ; 15. Cognitive Psychology ; The Concept of 'Information' ; Noam Chomsky (1928- ) ; Syntactic Structures ; Cartesian Linguistics ; George A. Miller (1920- ) ; The Magical Number Seven ; Plans and the Structure of Behaviour ; Subjective Behaviourism ; Giving Psychology Away ; Jerome S. Bruner (1915- ) ; The New Look in Perception ; A Study of Thinking ; Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969) ; Ulric Neisser (1928-) ; Cognitive Psychology ; James J. Gibson (1904-1979) ; Cognition and Reality ; Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001) ; Spurious Correlation and the Nature of Causality ; Computer Simulation ; Criticisms of Computer Simulation ; Amos Tversky (1937-1996) and Daniel Kahneman (1934- ) ; Heuristics and Biases ; Do Statistics Courses Help? ; 16. The Future of Psychology ; Does Psychology Have Paradigms? ; Why Have So Many Psychologists Found the Paradigm Concept Congenial? ; Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) ; Psychology, Modernism, and Postmodernism ; Modernism ; Postmodernism ; The Differentiation of Psychology ; The Future of the History of Psychology ; Psychology as a Global Endeavour ; Envoi
