Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834

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Between 1750 and 1840 ordinary British people abandoned such time-honored forms of protest as collective seizures of grain, the sacking of buildings, public humiliation, and physical abuse in favor of marches, petition drives, public meetings, and other sanctioned routines of social movement politics. The change created--perhaps for the first time anywhere--mass participation in national politics.

Charles Tilly is the first to address the depth and significance of the transmutations in popular collective action during this period. As he unravels the story of thousands of popular struggles and their consequences, he illuminates the dynamic relationships of an industrializing, capitalizing, proletarianizing economy; a war-making, growing, increasingly interventionist state; and an internal history of contention that spawned such political entrepreneurs as Francis Place and Henry Hunt. Tilly's research rests on a catalog of more than 8,000 "contentious gatherings" described in British periodicals, plus ample documentation from British archives and historical monographs.

The author elucidates four distinct phases in the transformation to mass political participation and identifies the forms and occasions for collective action that characterized and dominated each. He provides rich descriptions not only of a wide variety of popular protests but also of such influential figures as John Wilkes, Lord George Gordon, William Cobbett, and Daniel O'Connell. This engaging study presents a vivid picture of the British populace during a pivotal era.

Part 1 From mutiny to mass mobilization: contention in 1833; what changed and why?; what's at issue?; contending ideas; common action and shared understanding; repertoires of contention; insistent questions, possible answers; what's to come. Part 2 Contention under a magnifying glass: a change of repertoires; problems, sources, methods; a calendar of contention; numbering the struggles; forms of contention, old and new. Part 3 Capital, state and class in Britain, 1750-1840: proletarians, landlords and others; the growth of industry; urbanization; income and inequality; war and the British state; repression in Britain; popular participation in national politics; social movements and democracy. Part 4 Wilkes, Gordon and popular vengeance, 1758-1788: how Britain was changing; contention's flow; how the repertoire worked; against poorhouses and enclosures; workers' contention; mutations. Part 5 Revolution, war and other struggles, 1789-1815: associations in France and Britain; economy and demography; state, war and parliament; textures of contention; contentious issues; the issue is food; who contended, and how?; revolution and popular sovereignty. Part 6 State, class and contention, 1816-1827: economy and state, 1816-1827; from war to peace to contention; contentious contours; Queen Caroline; contentious actors; workers in action; contending with associations; political entrepreneurs, radicals and reformers. Part 7 Struggle and reform, 1828-1834: spurting population, expanding economy, consolidating state; repertoires for the 1830s; the political crisis of 1828-1834; embattled bobbies; swing; time for reform; workers; glimmers of revolution. Part 8 From donkeying to demonstrating: to retell the story; to meet in public; catholics in politics; toward explanation; social movements and demonstrations; national and international politics; foundations of popular contention; mass national politics and democracy. Appendices: sources and methods; major Acts by the British government directly affecting popular association and collective action, 1750-1834.

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