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"I have studied Rosen's book in detail and am impressed with its scope and content. I strongly recommend it to anybody interested in the current controversies surrounding open source licensing."-John Terpstra, Samba.org; cofounder, Samba-Team"Linux and open source software have forever altered the computing landscape. The important conversations no longer revolve around the technology but rather the business and legal issues. Rosen's book is must reading for anyone using or providing open source solutions."-Stuart Open Source Development LabsA Complete Guide to the Law of Open Source for Developers, Managers, and LawyersNow that open source software is blossoming around the world, it is crucial to understand how open source licenses work-and their solid legal foundations. Open Source Initiative general counsel Lawrence Rosen presents a plain-English guide to open source law for developers, managers, users, and lawyers. Rosen clearly explains the intellectual property laws that support open source licensing, carefully reviews today's leading licenses, and helps you make the best choices for your project or organization. Coverage includes: Explanation of why the SCO litigation and other attacks won't derail open source Dispelling the myths of open source licensing Intellectual property law for nonlawyers: ownership and licensing of copyrights, patents, and trademarks "Academic licenses": BSD, MIT, Apache, and beyond The "reciprocal bargain" at the heart of the GPL Alternative licenses: Mozilla, CPL, OSL and AFL Benefits of open source, and the obligations and risks facing businesses that deploy open source software Choosing the right license: considering business models, product architecture, IP ownership, license compatibility issues, relicensing, and more Enforcing the terms and conditions of open source licenses Shared source, eventual source, and other alternative models to open source Protecting yourself against lawsuits
Contents
Foreword xvPreamble xixChapter 1: Freedom and Open Source 1The Language of Freedom 1Defining Open Source 2Open Source Principles 8Chapter 2: Intellectual Property 13Dominion Over Property 13Right Brain and Left Brain 15Acquiring Copyrights and Patents 17Original Works of Authorship 19Works Made for Hire 20Exclusive Rights of Copyright and Patent Owners 22Copies 24Exceptions to the Exclusive Right to Make Copies 25Collective and Derivative Works 26The Chain of Title for Copyright 28The Chain of Title for Patents 30Joint Works 32Assigning Ownership 33Duration of Copyright and Patent 36Trademarks 37Exceptions to Intellectual Property Protection 39Chapter 3: Distribution of Software 41Contributors and Distributors 41Distribution 42Open Source Collaboration 43Contributor Agreements 45What About Users? 49Chapter 4: Taxonomy of Licenses 51What Is a License? 51Bare Licenses 53Licenses as Contracts 57Patent Licenses 66Template Licenses 68Types of Open Source Licenses 69Chapter 5: Academic Licenses 73The BSD Gift of Freedom 73BSD License as Template 77The BSD License Grant 77Source and Binary Forms of Code 79Conditions under the BSD 80Warranty and Liability Disclaimer 83The MIT License 85The Right to Sublicense 87The Warranty of Noninfringement 89The Apache License 91Protecting Trademarks 92The Apache Contributor License Agreement 93The Artistic License 95License Preambles 96When Amateurs Write Licenses 97Big Picture of Academic Licenses 101Apache License Version 2.0 102Chapter 6: Reciprocity and the GPL 103The GPL Bargain 103Copyleft and Reciprocity 105Policy Objectives 107The Preamble to the GPL 109GPL as Template 112The GPL Applies to Programs 113Linking to GPL Software 115Copyright Law and Linking 119The LGPL Alternative 121GPL Grant of License 125Access to Source Code 128"At No Charge" 131Other Obligations in the GPL 133The GPL and Patents 134Accepting the GPL 136Chapter 7: The Mozilla Public License (MPL) 141The Mozilla Story 141The MPL Reciprocity Bargain 143Contributors and Modifications 145The MPL and Patents 147Defending Against Patents 154Other Important MPL License Provisions 156Other Corporate Licenses 159Chapter 8: The Common Public License (CPL) 161CPL as a Template 161A Digression about Well-Written Licenses 162Grant of Copyright and Patent Licenses 163Reciprocity under the CPL 167Exception to Reciprocity 168Patent Defense 170Defend and Indemnify 173Ownership of the CPL License 176Chapter 9: The OSL and the AFL 179Academic or Reciprocal? 179Initial Paragraph of OSL/AFL 182Copyright and Licensing Notice 225Chapter 10: Choosing an Open Source License 229How Licenses Are Chosen 229The Free-Rider Problem 230Making Money from Open Source 231In-Licensing 232Out-Licensing 235Contributions to Projects 238License Compatibility for Collective Works 241License Compatibility for Derivative Works 243Relicensing 252Chapter 11: Shared Source, Eventual Source, and Other Licensing Models 255Alternatives to Open Source 255Shared Source 256Public Source 259Dual and Multiple Licensing 262Eventual Source and Scheduled Licensing 264Combining Licensing Models 267Chapter 12: Open Source Litigation 269Owning a Cause of Action 269Damages 271Injunctions 274Standing to Sue 276Burden of Proof 277Enforcing the Terms of a Contract 280Disputes over Ownership of Intellectual Property 283Disputes over Derivative Works 284Patent Infringement Litigation 289SCO vs. Open Source 290Chapter 13: Open Standards 295Defining Open Standards 295Open Specifications 296Enforcing the Standard by Copyright Restrictions 298Licensing the Test Suite: The Open Group License 299Discouraging Forks: Sun's SISSL 301Patents on Open Standards 303Reasonable and Nondiscriminatory 304Royalty Free 306The W3C Patent License 307Justifying Open Standards and Open Source 310The Open Source Paradigm 313Appendices 315Index 385About the Author 397
