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Finnish : An Essential Grammar (Routledge Grammars)
Karlsson, Fred (EDT) Chesterman, Andrew (TRN)
Hardcover:ハードカバー版  |
Preface ix
List of abbreviations x
Introduction 1 (8)
The relation of Finnish to other languages 1 (1)
Finnish past and present 2 (2)
The basic characteristics of Finnish 4 (2)
What are the special difficulties? 6 (3)
Pronunciation and sound structure 9 (9)
Letters and sounds 9 (1)
Vowels and consonants 10 (2)
Short and long sounds 12 (2)
Diphthongs 14 (1)
Syllables 14 (1)
Stress and intonation 15 (1)
Vowel harmony 16 (2)
A survey of word structure 18 (10)
Nominals and their endings 18 (3)
Finite verb forms and their endings 21 (3)
Non-finite verb forms and their endings 24 (4)
Two important sound alternations 28 (16)
Consonant gradation (p, t, k) 28 (10)
Vowel changes before -i- endings 38 (6)
The declension of nominals 44 (11)
General 44 (2)
Nominals with a basic form in -i 46 (3)
Nominals with a basic form in -e 49 (1)
Nominals with a basic form ending in a 50 (5)
consonant
The conjugation of verbs 55 (6)
General 55 (1)
Infinitive endings 56 (1)
Inflectional stems 57 (4)
Basic sentence structure 61 (15)
Present tense personal endings 61 (2)
The nominative (basic form of nominals) 63 (4)
Singular and plural 67 (1)
The verb olla '(to) be' 68 (1)
'To have' in Finnish 69 (1)
Negative sentences 69 (2)
Questions and answers 71 (3)
Concord of attributes 74 (2)
The partitive 76 (15)
Formation of the partitive 76 (6)
Use of the partitive 82 (9)
The genitive, possessive suffixes and the 91 (16)
accusative
Formation of the genitive 91 (4)
Use of the genitive 95 (2)
Possessive suffixes 97 (3)
What is the accusative? 100(2)
The accusative endings 102(3)
Quantity adverbs taking an object case 105(2)
The six local cases 107(16)
General 107(1)
Inessive 108(2)
Elative 110(2)
Illative 112(3)
Adessive 115(2)
Ablative 117(2)
Allative 119(1)
Directional verbs 120(1)
Place names 121(2)
Other cases 123(6)
Essive 123(2)
Translative 125(2)
Abessive, comitative and instructive 127(2)
Numerals 129(7)
Cardinal numbers 129(5)
Ordinal numbers 134(2)
Pronouns 136(16)
Personal pronouns 136(2)
Demonstrative pronouns 138(2)
Interrogative pronouns 140(2)
Indefinite pronouns 142(7)
Relative pronouns 149(3)
Tenses 152(10)
Present tense 152(1)
Past tense 152(4)
Perfect tense 156(2)
Pluperfect tense 158(1)
Negative forms 159(3)
Moods 162(10)
Indicative 162(1)
Conditional 162(3)
Imperative 165(4)
Potential 169(3)
The passive 172(10)
General 172(1)
Passive present 173(2)
Passive past 175(2)
Passive perfect and pluperfect 177(3)
Passive moods 180(2)
Infinitives 182(12)
General 182(1)
First infinitive 183(1)
Second infinitive 184(4)
Third infinitive 188(4)
Fourth infinitive 192(2)
Participles 194(17)
General 194(1)
Present participle active 195(1)
Present participle passive 196(2)
The past participles 198(2)
The participal construction 200(5)
The temporal construction 205(2)
The agent construction 207(4)
Comparison of adjectives 211(7)
Comparative 211(3)
Superlative 214(4)
Other word classes 218(13)
Adverbs 218(3)
Prepositions 221(1)
Postpositions 222(4)
Conjunctions 226(2)
Particles 228(3)
Word formation 231(13)
General 231(1)
Derivation 232(9)
Compounding 241(3)
The colloquial spoken language 244(5)
General 244(1)
Omission and assimilation of sounds 245(1)
Differences of form 246(3)
Appendix: Inflection tables 249(18)
Subject index 267
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